Capital Punishment and Complainants Essay Example for Free

Capital Punishment and Complainants EssayThis paper will comment on the significant decision of the Honble unequivocal Court in Vikas Deshpande v Bar Council of India,1 dismissing the appeal by an advocate who was banned from practicing and fined by the Bar Council of India for gross victor foul up. The comment will take a look at the facts that constituted the misconduct and the possible reasons behind the Supreme Courts decision. Case Comment Facts in skeletonIn this case, an appeal was filed by Vikas Deshpande, advocate, hereinafter referred to as the appellate, under Section 38 of the Advocates make, 1961 for short the Act against the final order passed by the Disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India. By the impugned order the Bar Council of India permanently debarred the plaintiff in error from practising as an advocate for the commission of a grave professional misconduct and also compel the cost of Rs. 25,000.Ramrao Chandoba Jadhav, Vidyadhar Ramrao J adhav, and Chandrakant Ramdeo Jadhav (all deceased), hereinafter referred to as the complainants, were prosecuted for committing murder of six persons on 16th December, 1990. As they were extremely poor, they asked the Court to appoint a lawyer to represent them publish of cost as amicus curiae. Sessions Court after trial open up the complainants guilty of the offence charged with and awarded them death penalty by an order dated thirtieth August, 1991. On the same date the appellant contacted the complainants in Yervada Central Prison where they were lodged.Appellant took the copies of the judgment from the complainants and obtained their thumb impression and signatures on the Vakalatnama to prefer an appeal in the High Court of Bombay at Aurangabad Bench. Appellant told the complainants that he would no(prenominal) be charging any fee as he was doing this to make a name for himself. On 10th October, 1991 appellant visited the Yervada Central Prison again and obtained their signat ures on roughly stamp papers. The deed was not read over to the complainants nor were the contents made cognise to them. Complainants signed and put their thumb impression on the documents in good faith.In January, 1992 the High Court dismissed the appeal of the complainants and confirmed the death denounce and subsequently complainants were hanged to death. On 16th February, 1992, appellant met the complainants in Yervada Central Prison again and told them that he had change their earthly concern on the basis of might of lawyer executed in his favour by them authorising him to sell the trim. That he had appropriated the money received by him towards his fees. Further the appellant asked the complainants to authorise him to prefer an appeal to the Supreme Court which they declined.Thereafter the complainants filed a complaint with the Chairman, State Bar Council to the personnel that the appellant who was practising as an advocate at Nanded, Maharashtra committed an act whic h amounted to professional misconduct deep down the meaning of Section 35 of the Advocates Act and for the said act disciplinary action be taken. They had requested for the appointment of an advocate as amicus curiae to have got them to leave their property for the surviving members of the family in case the complainants were sentenced to death.They stated that they had never authorised the appellant to sell their land. That the appellant had played fraud on them and interchange the property on the basis of the alleged power of lawyer obtained by him through misrepresentation. Appreciating the seriousness of the complaint made by the complainants, State Bar Council took suo motu sight and issued notice to the appellant who filed his reply. He described himself to be an expert criminal lawyer as he had conducted many sessions trials and appeals.It was pleaded by him that he had also active some other lawyers as well and he was trying his best to pay the fees of the said advocate s by selling the land of the complainants. It was further stated that on the request of the complainants on 30th August, 1991 he accepted the vakalatnama on behalf of the complainants on an oral agreement that the complainants would pay Rs. 50,000 to the appellant for conducting the confirmation case and the appeal in the lead the High Court, for which they authorised him to dispose of their land to recover and appropriate the money received.That out of 16 acres of land owned by the complainants the appellant had sold lonesome(prenominal) 6 acres and 30 gunthas of land to meet the expenses. Another fact which needs to be mentioned is that the government valuation of the land was 1,35,000 but the appellant had settled the final consideration at Rs. 75,000 out of which Rs. 30,000 was paid at the judgment of conviction of the agreement to sell and the remaining amount was to be paid in the first place 1st March, 1992. Later on a sum of Rs. 17,000 was paid to the appellant. The rem aining amount of Rs.28,000 could not be obtained by the appellant as the power of attorney executed in his favour was cancelled by the complainants. The complaint was taken cognizance of and the matter was referred to the Disciplinary Committee of the State Bar Council. Vidhyadhar, complainant no. 2, was examined on oath. He, in his deposition, reiterated the what had been stated by him in his complaint. He specifically stated that he and his two other associated had not executed any power of attorney in favour of the appellant authorising him to sell their land and appropriate the sale consideration towards his fees.That their signatures had been obtained on blank papers. That the power of attorney had been obtained by misrepresenting the facts in order to defraud them. This witness was cross-examined but nothing of substance could be brought out from his cross-examination. As the State Bar Council could not complete the proceedings within a period of one year, the complaint was tr ansferred to the Bar Council of India under section 36B of the Act. The matter was entrusted for further action to the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India.In break of repeated notices sent to the appellant which were duly served on him (four times) the appellant did not put in appearance. The proceedings were continued ex-parte. The Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India found the appellant guilty of soliciting brief from the complainants and obtaining their signatures and thumb impressions on certain documents on the basis of which power of attorney was executed in his favour authorising him to sell the land of the complainants.It was found that the appellant had failed to prove that the complainants had executed the power of attorney in his favour to sell the land. It was also held that the appellant had failed to prove that his fees at the relevant time to conduct the criminal appeal was settled at Rs. 50,000. That he has failed to prove that he was en titled to and justified in recovering the fees by selling the land belonging to the complainants. The Disciplinary Committee found the appellant guilty of gross professionalmisconduct as defined under Section 35 of the Advocates Act and directed the State Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa to remove the name of the appellant from the roll of the Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa under section 35(3d) of the Act. Cost of Rs. 25,000 were imposed and made payable to the heirs of the complainants because by that time the complainants had already been put to death in execution of the sentence imposed on them. A lien was created on the property of the appellant for the recuperation of costs. Decision of the Honble Supreme CourtThe judgement of the division bench of the Apex Court, consisting of justices VN Khare and A Bhan, was to dismiss the appeal without costs The judges saw no virtue in the appeal for the following reasons 1. There was no substance in the submission made by the appel lant that he could not be proceeded ex-parte. It was seeming(a) to the judges from the perusal of the record that there were four acknowledgements on the record which showed that the appellant had been duly served four times and in spite of the notices having been served on the appellant he did not choose to appear before the Disciplinary Committee at any point of time.The Disciplinary Committee had no other excerpt but to hear the matter. 2. The Secretary of the State Bar Council, who was appointed as a prosecutor, also did not lead any evidence because in the lag all the three complainants were hanged in execution of the sentence imposed on them. The only evidence which remained and which had come on the record is the statement of Vidhyadhar, complainant. Vidhyadhars testimony richly established the charge of professional misconduct against the appellant. 3. The Court agreed with the findings recorded in the impugned order.The appellant failed to lead any evidence to displace the testimony of Vidhyadhar to the effect that the appellant had solicited a brief for himself from them and they had not executed any power of attorney in his favour for the purpose of the sale of their land. He had obtained signatures and thumb impressions of the complainants on some documents. Without informing complainants a power of attorney was got executed in favour of the appellant to sell of the land. 4. The power of attorney was obtained by the appellant on misrepresentation.In pursuance of the alleged power of attorney in his favour the appellant sold the land of the complainants fraudulently. 5. It was also established that fees of the appellant had not been settled at Rs. 50,000. He was neither entitled nor justified in selling the land of the complainants on the basis of the alleged power of attorney for the recovery of his fees. Had the figure of the complainants been to sell the land then they would not have requested for appointment of an amicus curiae to defend th em before the Sessions Court.Thus, in the Honble Apex Courts opinion, the appellant took advantage of the situation that the complainants veneering death sentence and obtained the power of attorney on misrepresentation in his favour and sold the property of the complainants. Further, the appellant fraudulently appropriated the sale proceeds for his gain. He has committed a grave professional misconduct. SUMMARISE WHAT HAVE TO SAY Professional Misconduct Blacks Law dictionary defines misconduct as transgression of some established and definite rule of action, a forbidden act, a dereliction of duty, an unlawful behaviour, improper or wrong behaviour etcetera.2 Justice favourite defined professional misconduct in the following words, If it is shown that an advocate in the pursuit of his profession has done something with regard to it which would be reasonably regarded as smuggled or dishonourable The Advocates Act, 1981, also does not lay down the definition of misconduct. In a 2004 case, the Apex Court further clarified that it would be rugged to lay down exhaustively what would constitute misconduct and indiscipline. 3 However, that decision had not been passed at the time of deciding of the present case, and the judges had to rely on their discretion as best they could.In order to do so, they relied on their common sense. An advocate ought not to act in an unlawful manner with attentiveness to his or her client. Especially in criminal matters, the life and death of the accused might depend on the skill and will of the advocate. If the advocate decides to deliberately disturb the case in a languid fashion, he can easily ensure that his clients die. In the present case, the advocate stood to gain much from the death of his clients, as they would be unable to deny the fact that they had agreed to let him sell their property and appropriate the proceeds as his fee.Their legal heirs would be unable to negate this fact and he would easily get the money they w ere entitled to. Under such suspicious circumstances, the advocates selling of the clients property without their consent or knowledge for certain amounts to professional misconduct. DISCUSS PREVIOUS LEGAL ETHICS CASES DISCUSS EVIDENCE POSSIBLE REASONS FOR COURTS DECISION QUOTE FINAL PARA IN INDIRECT progress to Conclusion The Court was right in not reversing the decision of the Bar Council of India in the appeal. The relationship amidst an advocate and his client is of trust and therefore sacred.such(prenominal) acts of professional misconduct and the frequency with which such acts are coming to light distresses as well have to be curbed. Preservation of the mutual trust between the advocate and the client is a must otherwise the prevalent judicial system in the country would collapse and fail. Such acts do not only affect the lawyers found guilty of such acts but erode the confidence of the general public in the prevalent judicial system. It is more so, because today recruitm ent to the Bench is from the Bar starting from the subordinate judiciary to the higher judiciary.You cannot find honest and hard on the job(p) judges unless you find honest and hard working lawyers in their chambers. To quote the judges themselves, Time has come when the Society in general, respective Bar Council of the States and the Judges should take note of the warning bells and take alterative steps and nip the evil or the curse, if we may say so, in the bud. 4 Thus, this case was a fitting reminder of the long reach of the law, from which evening advocates are not exempt, regardless of what they might believe to the contrary.

Jones Blair Case Study Essay Example for Free

Jones Blair Case Study EssayJones Blair is a caller that produces and sells architectural paint it also sell paint sundries which include paintbrushes and rollers. It caters to over 50 countries which are divided into two sectors the DFW area and the non-DFW area. Of the two the DFW area has been proven to be the most successful area for the play along.In 1999 the family made 80 one thousand thousand in gross sales and 60% of this was contributed by the DFW area. There are two segments within the bon tons main sales attributes and these are in the midst of the do it yourself market and the professional market. With regards to the professional market in the DFW area this accounted for 70% of sales In the non-DFW area 70% of sales were made finished the do-it-yourself market.During a meeting the company discussed the problem of where and how to carry out marketing efforts. They were left with four options1) Cut the outlay by 20%.2) engage one redundant sales repp.3) Spen d additional $350,000 on advertising.4) Stay the same.A detailed look into each option.1) Cut the price by 20%.The shopper research programme indicated that dealers will back off the brand when the customer appears price sensitive. By twistting the price by 20% this will leave behind the company to be on par with national brands. The sure contribution margin for the company is 35% if the price was to be cut by 20% then the new contribution margin would be reduced to 35% 20% = 15%with the current sale volume being $12 million and a price cut of 20% the sales would have to increase significantly for the price cut to be effective. According to Barrett we are now the highest price paint in our service area the fact that the company still has increasing sales despite being the highest cost brand of all the competitors this shows that the company is being perceived as giving high quality goods where people dont mind about paying extra for their brand. If the company was to cut the pri ce by 20% this may leave doubts in peoples minds about whether or not the brand is actually as high quality as they had thought. The fact that they can get away with charging a higher price for their brand they should stick with it.2) Hire one additional sales rep.Currently the company has 8 sales reps which are responsible for the following tasksMonitoring inventories.Taking orders.Assisting in store display.Coordinating cooperative advertising programmes.A survey indicated that the sales reps were very well liked, helpful, professional and knowledgeable with regards to paint. These reps are paid a salary and also a 1% commission. The cost of hiring an additional sales rep would be $60,000 a year, this is excluding commission. The vice president aspects that the current sales reps arent aggressive seemly and the fact that only 5 new accounts were made in the last 5 years something needs to be done. Only 16% of the accounts come from the non-DFW area so possibly a focus needs to be placed onto this area. If this was to be done, an additional sales rep be assigned to the non-DFW area this could lead to a significant increase in sales.3) Spend additional $350,000 on advertising.The vice president of advertising believes that on that point is a need for an awareness level of 30% among do-it-yourselfers to affect their sales. An emphasis on television insurance coverage will reach non-DFW consumers in 15 countries. Research shows that ads affect the buying process Since most consumers consider the store before the actual brand maybe the advertising should be focused more-so on corporate ads rather than brand ads. The company spends 3% of its net sales on advertising therefore the current cost of advertising is 3% of 12 million = 360000with an additional spend of $350000 on advertising the total cost of advertising would be 360000+ 350000= $710,000. This would almost trope the cost of advertising and since theres an emphasis on television this could prove to be a risky option, especially since brand awareness isnt the main attribution to buyer demeanor. Another factor to consider is the fact that 75% of the audience of the advert arent buying paint.4) Stay the same.The final option for the company would be to keep everything the same which is advised by the vice president of finance. Since the company is continuing to make profit he feels that if you were to take the other options that there would have to be a significant increase in the sales volume which may not be a result.Although most of the options offer different benefits and of course different drawbacks we dont think there is an outright option to choose. With regards to the cut in price of 20% we dont believe this option should be chosen. The fact that the company is allowed to charge the higher price and is perceived as being a high quality brand why should they risk losing all of this by judge the price cut.The next option with regards to hiring an additional sales rep w e feel that the fact that they have 8 sales reps already would the addition of another genuinely make a significant impact on sales. Rather than focusing on hiring a new one we believe that if they focused more-so and possibly train their current sales reps this could prove to be more effective. The fact that the sales reps are already considered highly by the customers is a bonus. If more effort was set apart into them and how they could improve efficiency then this could be worthwhile to the company. The company could divide up the sales reps into the necessary markets and possibly by offering them incentives this could increase their performance. By hiring an additional sales rep doesnt necessarily promise a change in sales.With regards to an increase of advertising spending of $350,000 we wouldnt recommend this option. As the company wants to ramble an emphasis on television and the fact that 75% of the audience dont buy paint, the 25% of the audience that do doesnt seem lik e a big enough market coverage to invest such a lot of money into. Instead we feel they should look into other marketing options. The fact that with regards to buyer behaviour that customers choose the store first before the brand maybe the company should look into advertising within the actual stores. They could look into what stores are proven to be more popular and focus advertising attention on these.With the last option as staying the same although the company is continuing to make profits we feel like this could be the easy option. Rather than just being content with what is currently happening with the business they should focus on improving the business. The fact is that more and more competitors may enter the market or even people may change their buying behaviour but ultimately the company should puree and always be a brand considered.

Effect of pH on Percent Oxygen Saturation of Haemaglobin

forcefulness of pH on Percent Oxygen Saturation of HaemaglobinAbstractThe purpose of this research laboratory was to determine the tack together of changes in the pH and the uncomplete tone pinch of atomic number 8 on hemoglobins likeness for group O and percent oxygen color in the Bos fuzz billet. At a let looseer pH (6.8) with a 21mmHg p50 jimmy, it was found that the oxygen dissociation wave shifted to the right, which indicates that the Bohr military group causes hemoglobin to lose its similitude for oxygen. This concludes that the increased coulomb dioxide concentration forces haemoglobin to release its bound oxygen to the high metabolizing tissues (converting to deoxy-haemoglobin), but also forces the protein to reserve to a greater extent oxygen at the respiratory surfaces in golf club to transport enough oxygen to areas with a low oxygen partial nip. At a higher pH (7.4), the oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the leftover with a 14mmHg p50 value since h aemoglobin receives more oxygen, causing haemoglobin to have a higher affinity for oxygen and to remain as oxyhaemoglobin. Both sigmoid shaped curves contain a steep portion at 9.1mmHg and a plateau at 60mmHg. In conclusion, since the p50 value at pH 6.8 (21mmHg) is lower than the p50 value at pH 7.4 (14mmHg), this signifies that in an acidic env entreatment, there is a higher partial insisting of oxygen in the environment as haemoglobin cannot bind the available oxygen as much overdue to its move affinity for oxygen.IntroductionHaemoglobin is a specialized protein found inside the red telephone line cells of verteb pass judgments that have developed organs for fluffeous exchange as a substitute for simple diffusion. This respiratory pigment transports dissolved oxygen in the blood from the respiratory surface to the tissues done the circulatory system, and transports speed of light dioxide back for excretion at the respiratory surface by exhalation. When one oxygen molecule binds to the iron containing heme group of the tetrameric-structured haemoglobinwhich has four globulin subunits non-covalently linked to each other two alpha- and two beta-polypeptide chainsits allosteric property increases its affinity for the addition of the next cardinal successive oxygen molecules (Fenton et al., 2015). A total of four oxygen molecules can bind to this protein however changes in the partial pressure of oxygen at the gas exchange site can affect haemoglobins percent oxygen vividness and changes in pH can alter haemoglobins affinity for oxygen (also known as the Bohr Effect).The magnitude of the Bohr Effect in haemoglobin results from the breaking of the salt bridges between the histidine residues when the protein changes between its two structures at equaliser oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin (Kilmartin, 1974 Zheng et al., 2013). During the structural shift, the histidine residues will react with the sulfhydryl group of the cysteine that is found in the d eoxyhaemoglobin (Okonjo et al., 2014). Consequently, this change in the structural conformation of cysteine leads to a reduced Bohr Effect (Okonjo et al., 2014). Since deoxyhaemoglobin has been altered at a chemical take aim, it will experience a minimized Bohr Effect while its affinity for oxygen increases (Riggs, 1988). The Bohr Effect states that in a high pH alkaline environment, protons are released when oxygen is attached to haemoglobin but are not released when in an acidic environment (Riggs, 1988).To what extent did the variations of PO2 and pH levels affect haemoglobins percent oxygen fecundation in the Bos taurus blood was examined as the main purpose in this lab and is depicted by an oxygen dissociation curve. The resultant sigmoidal (S) shape relates the partial pressure of oxygen and haemoglobins percent oxygen saturation at different pH levels. Given that the manometer PO2 is held constant at the specific mmHg value, it is predicted that the oxygen dissociation curv e will shift to the right at a pH of 6.8 (which is lower than the normal pH value of 7.4) as there is an increase in deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide concentration. This indicates that a pH drop will diminish the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin, and hence, its affinity for oxygen. Conversely, it is estimated that the curve will shift to the left at a pH of 7.4 as there are slight carbon dioxide molecules in an alkaline environment. It is also predicted that at P50, there will be a difference in the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin at the different pH levels and that the two sigmoidal curves of the oxygen dissociation graph will eventually meet at equilibrium past P50 due to the Bohr Effect.In relation, Hill conducted his experiment with a similar procedure on human muscle and haemoglobin and concluded that at a higher pH level (muscle haemoglobin at pH 9.2 and blood haemoglobin at pH 9.2), the curve shifted to the left while at a lower pH level (muscle haemogl obin at pH 7.0 and blood haemoglobin at pH 7.0), the curve shifted to the right due to the Bohr Effect (Hill, 1936).Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted based on the BIO202 lab manual however, the procedures performed for the Bos taurus at pH 7.4 under section 2 was deviated from the instructions provided. The uttermost vacuum pressure was set at 750 mmHg instead of the listed value of 700mmHg since vacuum did not provide enough pressure at 700mmHg to deoxygenate the blood appropriately. My lab partners, Isabel, Zainab and Dianne, performed the experimental tests on Bos taurus buffered at pH 7.4. We collected the data conducted at pH 6.8 from our colleagues Kashamala, Kiran, Jing, and Seevin.ResultsFigure 1This oxygen dissociation curve graph depicts a logarithmic regression that relates the effect of the partial pressure of oxygen on haemoglobins percent oxygen saturation at both pH levels in Bos taurus. The manometer indication was converted to the partial pressure of oxygen with equation a listed in the appendix. In addition, the percentage transmitting value obtained from the spectrophotometer was converted to the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin using the equations of the two logarithmic regression curves.The P50 value at pH 6.8 is 21mmHg and at pH 7.4 is 14mmHg. This value reveals the change in the partial pressure of oxygen at the different pH levels due to the Bohr Effect when 50% of haemoglobin has been saturated.In Figure 1, the effect of the partial pressure of oxygen on the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin illustrates a sigmoidal shape as the main trend at the pH of 6.8 and 7.4. As PO2 increases, haemoglobins oxygen saturation also increases until a maximum amount of oxygen molecules have bound to this blood pigment. There are two patterns in this oxygen dissociation graph (1) the steep (beginning at 9.1mmHg) and (2) the plateau (60mmHg).The steep section begins when PO2 first rises from 9.1mmHg and the percent sat uration increases drastically. At pH 6.8, the steepness levels off at point three where PO2 is 30.1mmHg and the percent saturation is at 84.0826%. At pH 7.4, the steepness levels off at point two where PO2 is 30.1mmHg and the saturation is at 83.6601%.When haemoglobin has reached its maximum oxygen capacity, the curve relating PO2 and haemoglobin saturation plateaus and become theoretical. During this period, haemoglobin maintains its maximum oxygen saturation at the maximum PO2. At pH 6.8, the maximum PO2 of 156.12mmHg occurs when the vacuum is not used (the pressure remains at 0mmHg), which let outs haemoglobin a maximum theoretical oxygen saturation of 102.612%. At pH 7.4, the maximum PO2 of 156.12mmHg gives haemoglobin a maximum oxygen saturation of 97.7172%, which is slightly lower than the value at pH 6.8.In terms of pH change (the Bohr Effect), the curve of the lower pH shifts to the right while the curve of the higher pH shifts to the left. However, the starting point for b oth of the sigmoidal-shaped curves is at PO2 of 9.1mmHg, where 6.9259% saturation is for pH 6.8 and 8.3333% saturation is for pH 7.4.DiscussionThe results support the hypothesis that the oxygen dissociation curve will shift to the right at the pH value of 6.8, showing that haemoglobins (Hbs) percent oxygen saturation decreases (due to a lower affinity for oxygen), whereas the graph will shift to the left at the pH value of 7.4, demonstrating that haemoglobins percent oxygen saturation increases (due to a higher affinity for oxygen). The p50 values from the graph indicates that in a basic environment, there is a lower partial pressure of oxygen in the environment (14mmHg) when compared to an acidic environment (21mmHg) because haemoglobin is able to bind to more of the available oxygen due to its increased affinity for oxygen whereas at pH 6.8, haemoglobin is unable to bind to as much oxygen due to its decreased affinity for oxygen. The reason behind this lowered oxygen affinity is d ue to the Bohr Effect and the high concentration of carbon dioxide present in the area. Moreover, the amount of carbon dioxide concentration present changes the pH, which today affects the strength of haemoglobin to bind to oxygen and readily dissociate oxygen.When there is a high partial pressure of oxygen in an area where haemoglobin is present, the tetrameric proteins percentage saturation of oxygen increases as well because there are more available oxygen molecules to bind to. Due to the cluster of oxygen molecules around this blood pigment, haemoglobins affinity for oxygen becomes tremendously improved due to its allosteric property, where the next three successive oxygen molecules are more readily bound afterward the first one has been attached. From this, since haemoglobin is able to transport more oxygen molecules from the respiratory surface, a high concentration of oxygen is released into the blood plasma to be absorbed by the surrounding tissues. This is why in Figure 1, the graphcomparing the effect of the partial pressure of oxygen on haemoglobin saturationhas an incredibly steep curve at the beginning to indicate that haemoglobin is able to pick up a lot of oxygen molecules.From the graph, at pH 6.8, there is a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide where weewee reacts with carbon dioxide, generating H+ ions that produce an acidic environment with a low pH (Riggs, 1988). This reduces haemoglobins affinity for oxygen, where haemoglobin subsequently converts into deoxyhaemoglobin, which is its alternate structural form. In this acidic environment, the tissues are at a high metabolic rate and need more oxygen molecules. So, according to the Bohr Effect, haemoglobin will bind to more oxygen at the respiratory surface and release its oxygen nub more readily at the tissues (where there is a lowered PO2) in order to raise the pH level back to normal. In essence, the body raises the partial pressure of oxygen to match that of carbon dioxide so tha t a dynamic equilibrium is created to raise blood pH back to normal levels and reduce the sulkiness where the rate of perfusion and ventilation is equal to each other. In terms of the pH at 7.4, there is low carbon dioxide partial pressure where the environment is more alkaline. The Bohr Effect prevents the transport of oxygen to the deoxygenated area, so that the partial pressure of oxygen also decreases in respect to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in an try on to decrease the pH level. However, if haemoglobin attaches onto oxygen, protons are released, which equals out the increase in oxygen with an increase in carbon dioxide. Thus, the increase in H+ is directly proportional to the increase in CO2 (Riggs, 1988).The two curves eventually meet together at one point, indicating that Bos taurus is attempting to maintain pH equilibrium, where pH 6.8 attempts to raise Hb saturation for a more alkaline environment and pH 7.4 attempts to reduce Hb saturation for a more acidic environment.However, the Bohr Effect presents an advantage to the body when it is subjected to an oxygen deficient environment during exercise, where there is lactic acid buildup, a drop in blood pH, and an increase in carbon dioxide and hydrogen concentrations. The formation of carbonic acid and H+ ions from the reaction between water and carbon dioxide produces an acidic environment, lowering the pH levels (Riggs, 1988). In these regions, the production of carbon dioxide from muscle cells inhibits haemoglobins affinity for oxygen in the bloodstream by binding to haemoglobin itself, forming carbamino haemoglobin. Carbamino haemoglobin brings the H+ protons generated along with the carbon dioxide molecules to the lungs, where it is expelled through exhalation (Riggs, 1988). When this happens, there is not enough oxygen present at the tissues, so the Bohr Effect sends haemoglobin to the tissues, which readily releases its oxygen content into the tissues because it can no longer hold onto the molecule as it travels further into the bloodstream. Eventually, the Bohr Effect helps to raise blood pH back up to normal levels when enduring anaerobic internal respiration since haemoglobin is continually releasing its bound oxygen molecules as its affinity decreases to be the rising carbon dioxide levels. It is beneficial for haemoglobin to have a low affinity for oxygen near the tissues to increase oxygen uptake by the tissues, but to have a high affinity for oxygen at respiratory surfaces so haemoglobin can transport as much oxygen as possible, and as far into the body as possible. Thus, altering the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin is the bodys way of using the Bohr Effect to its advantage to solve the problem of lacking oxygen since more oxygen is released with an increase in carbon dioxide levels. i limitation of the experiment involved the absence of a spectrophotometer and the instrumental error of the vacuum. The vacuum failed to serve its purpose at the 700mmHg level, so it had to be increased to the 750mmHg level for the procedure done for pH 7.4, which results in an unfair comparison for the data done for pH 6.8. In conclusion, when pH is low, haemoglobin has less affinity for oxygen (lower saturation) whereas when pH is high, haemoglobin has more affinity for oxygen (higher saturation).ReferencesFenton, B., Dumont, B., and Owen, M. (2015). Respiratory Pigments Hemoglobin andHemocyanin. In Integrative Animal Biology (ed. S. Hinic-Frlog), pp. 300-301. Toronto, ON Nelson Education Ltd.Hill, R. (1936). Oxygen dissociation threads of Muscle Haemoglobin. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 120,472-483.Kilmartin, J. V. (1974). THE ALKALINE BOHR EFFECT OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 241, 465-471.Okonjo, K. O., Olatunde, A. M., Fodeke, A. A. and Babalola, J. O. (2014). Bohr effect ofhuman hemoglobin A Magnitude of negative contributions determined by the equilibrium between two tertiary structures. Biophysical Chemistry. 190, 41-49.Riggs, A. F. (1988). The Bohr Effect. Annual Reviews Inc. 50, 181-204.Zheng, G., Schaefer, M. and Karpus, M. (2013). Hemoglobin Bohr Effects Atomic Origin of the Histidine Residue Contributions. Biochemistry. 52, 8539-8555.AppendixFigure A1This standard curve graph depicts a linear regression that relates the effect of percent transmittance on the percent saturation of haemoglobin at both pH levels in Bos taurus. Oxygenated haemolysate was undefendable to the vacuum at a maximum pressure of 700mmHg for 5 minutes to become entirely deoxygenated, which was added to the oxygenated haemolysate. Different amounts of 100% oxygenated and 100% deoxygenated haemoglobin were combined to give five various saturation percentages. A percent transmittance reading was taken for each of the saturation percentages, using a spectrophotometer.Oxygen Dissociation Curve (Sample Calculation 1)The manometer reading values are converted to the partial pressure of oxygen with the formula (Equation a) , where D is the barometric pressure (measured in mmHg), W is the water vapor pressure (measured in mmHg), and M is the manometer reading (measured in mmHg). The temperature was 22C and the barometric pressure was 763mmHg for the lab room.Manometer reading at 300mmHgTherefore, the partial pressure of oxygen at a manometer reading of 300mmHg is 93.1mmHg.Oxygen Dissociation Curve (Sample Calculation 2)The regression line equation is used to convert the percent transmittance to the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin.At the pH 6.8The regression line equation is, where the variable y represents the percent transmittance value and the variable x represents the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin.Partial pressure of oxygen at 93.1mmHgTherefore, the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin is 98.0559% at the pH 6.8.At the pH 7.4The regression line equation is, where the variable y represents the percent transmittance value and the variable x represents the percent oxygen saturati on of haemoglobin.Partial pressure of oxygen at 93.1mmHgTherefore, the percent oxygen saturation of haemoglobin is 94.7712% at the pH 7.4.

Epidemiology Of Cholera John Snow Health Essay

Epidemiology Of epidemic cholera John deoxycytidine monophosphate Health EssayIt has been oer a century and a half when John Snow undertook the study of the Cholera pestilent of 1854 in London. His work, which was published in the 1855 book On the mood of Communication of Cholera, is considered a milestone in epidemiology. The observations by Snow of the water-born transmission of cholera and the handle of the Broad Street pith was a work of spirit that continues to inspire epidemiologists. Appearing before the local body of government on September 7, 1854, John Snow argued that the fount of the blast of a cholera epidemic was water from a communal water pump. His investigation identified the pump at Broad Street near its intersection with Cambridge Street as the source of contaminated water. Cholera which is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, causes significant morbidity and mortality in many developing count ries. This paper examines the cholera epidemics (and pandemics) in recent history including the outbreak of 1854 in London and the role played by John Snow which had laid the foundations for the youthful principles of epidemiology.IntroductionIt has been over a century and a half when John Snow undertook the study of the Cholera epidemic of 1854 in London. His work, which was published in the 1855 book, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera is considered a milestone in epidemiology. The observation by Snow of the water-born transmission of cholera, and the handle of the Broad Street pump was a work of genius that continues to inspire epidemiologists. Appearing before the local body of government on September 7, 1854, John Snow, an anesthetist in London, argued that the source of the outbreak of a cholera epidemic was water from a communal water pump. Working with the data reproduced in table 1 (Bingham et al., 2004), Snow identified the pump at Broad Street near its intersection with Cambridge Street as the source of contaminated water. What followed is best told in his own words I had an query with the Board of Guardians of St. Jamess parish on the evening of Thursday, 7th September, and represented the above circumstances to them. In consequence of what I said, the handle of the pump was removed on the by-line day (Snow, 1855).Each year, outbreaks of cholera to cause death estimated at 120,000 worldwide, with the vast majority occurring in children (WHO, 1995). Epidemiology of cholera is characterized by several(prenominal) key principles including (i) Cases tend to be concentrated in specific location and occur during a specific season (ii) the highest infection rates in children of 1-5 geezerhood in areas where infection is endemical (iii) antibiotic resistance patterns often change from year to year, (iv) pathogen strain often exhibit clonal diversity, and (v) prevention measures against the disease include sanitation, hygiene and immunity improvem ent.Cholera has been ranked as one of the emerging and reemerging infections (Satcher, 1995) facing many developing countries. Several recent events highlight the importance of epidemiological disease include the 1991recurrence of cholera in Latin America (Levine, 1991) ( Ries et al., 1992) the 1994 outbreak of cholera which took place in a Rwandan refugee camp in Goma, Zaire, which resulted in approximately 70,000 cases and 12,000 deaths in (Siddique, 1995), and the outbreak of V. cholerae O139 in the India subcontinent from 1992 to 1993, possibly marked the start of the eighth cholera pandemic (Ramamurthy et al., 1993)(Swerdlow et al., 1993).Pathogenesis and transmission of CholeraVibrio Cholerae are comma-shaped, gram-negative bacteria that have been the cause of several great long-lasting epidemics and pandemics of diarrheal disease. Many of these pandemics began in the Ganges Valley of India and Bangladesh, which is never free from cholera. Although there are 140 serotypes of V . cholera, until recently only 1 stereotype was associated with several diarrhea. Beginning in 1992, a new V.cholerae stereotype (0139, also known as Bengal) has been associated with sever, watery diarrhea (Faruque et al., 1998)The vibrios never invade the epithelial tissue but instead remain within the lumen and secrete an enterotoxin, which is encoded by a virulence phage. Flagellar proteins involved in motility and attachment are undeniable for efficient bacterial colonization, as has been described for Campylobacter. The vibrio hemagglutinin, which is a metalloprotease, is important for detachment of Vibrio from epithelial cells. The secretory diarrhea characteristic of the disease is caused by release of cholera toxin. Cholera toxin is composed of five binding peptides B and a catalytic peptide A (McKenzie et al., 1984). The B peptide, serving as a land pad, bind to carbohydrates on GM1 ganglioside on the surface of epithelial cells of the small intestine, enabling calveolar -mediated endosomal entry of toxin subunit A into the cell (Laloi et al. 1996). Reverse transport of the subunit A from endosome into the cell cytoplasm is followed by cleavage of the disulfide bond linking the two fragments of peptide A (A1 and A2). Catalytic peptide A1 is generated, leading to the following sequence (Dertzbaugh et al., 1993)A1 interacts with 20-kD cytosolic proteins called ADP-ribosylation factors (ARF).The ARF-A1 complex catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of a 49-kD G-protein (called Gs) (Randazzo et al., 2000).Binding of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and GTP generates an activated Gs, which in turn binds to and stimulates adenylate cyclase. ADP-ribosylated Gs is permanently in an active GTP-bound state, resulting in persistent activation of adenylate cyclase.The activated adenylate cyclase generates high levels of intracellular c adenosine monophosphate from ATP.Cyclic AMP stimulates secretion of chlorides and bicarbonate, with associated sodium and water secretion. Chloride and sodium reabsorption is also inhibited. The reabsorptive function of the colon is overwhelmed, and liters of dilute rice water diarrhea containing flecks of mucus-up to 14 L/day, homogeneous to the circulating blood volume, create dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Because overall absorption in the gut remains intact, oral formula can replace the massive sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and silver losses and reduce the mortality rare from 50% to less than 1% (Sharma et al., 1997)Epidemiology of CholeraEarly PandemicsSince the beginning of the first pandemic in 1817, seven cholera pandemics have occurred (Pollitzer,1959), excluding the seventh pandemic, which took place on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi in (65), pandemics occurred in the Indian subcontinent in the Ganges delta and spread to different countries over many years (Snow, 1855). In 1830, the epidemiological and public health approaches to cholera developed in the context of some understanding of the nature of certain infectious diseases, including smallpox and syphilis, with infinitesimal agreed differentiation of the fevers. In his late 18th century doctrine, Benjamin Rush describes there was but one fever in the world (Shryock, 1936) had sure broad support. Exciting factor in the cholera epidemic was sometimes considered as shaping existing fevers into its own image, and the arrival of cholera coincided with an increase in mortality and/or transferred deaths between categories was questioned.The second cholera pandemic of the early 1830s invaded the British Isles, and was marked by epidemiological observations made by John Snow on the waterborne cholera transmission in London between 1847 and 1854(Snow, 1855). Ships carrying Irish immigrants caused the second pandemic in Canada (Marian, 1957). During the third pandemic (1852-1859), cholera was hazardous in the United States, and during the 1870s at the end of the fourth pandemic, towns and villages along the Ohio, Missour i, and Mississippi, rivers experienced cholera (Billings et al., 1975). The fifth pandemic mainly affected South America causing large epidemics in several countries with Argentina, Chile, and Peru suffering high casualties. (Gil et al. 2004).Robert Koch isolated the cholera bacterium, known as comma bacilli during the fifth pandemic in feces of patients in Egypt in 1883 and India in 1884(Koch, 1884). Between 1899 and 1923, the sixth pandemic involved populations expanded in the Balkan Peninsula and the Middle East (Pollitzer, 1959). Apart from a large epidemic in Egypt in 1947 (Shousha, 1947), cholera was confined to southern and Southeast Asia since the mid-1920s until the 1961 outbreak of the seventh pandemic in. Both the sixth pandemic and possibly the fifth pandemic were caused by V. cholerae of classical biotype.The Seventh PandemicThe seventh pandemic is considered the largest of the pandemic in the geographical distribution, and was caused by V. cholerae O1- biotype El Tor ( Table 2). The 1961 pandemic first invaded the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia and spread to other islands, including Borneo, Sarawak Java, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Sabah. It affected the entire archipelago of South Asia at the end of 1962 (Kamal, 1974). , In Asian mainland, from 1963-1969, the pandemic affected Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Burma, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Cholera r separatelyed Pakistan shortly after El Tor, and outbreaks were reported in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and in the neighboring republics of the Soviet Union (Kamal 1974).By 1970, El Tor cholera had reached the Arabian Peninsula, Syria and Jordan, and to a lesser degree, in Israel (Cohen et al., 1971). The seventh pandemic was in sub-Saharan West Africa in early 1970, causing explosive epidemics as a result of more than 400 000 cases of high mortality, attributed mainly a want of terra firma immunity of the population, and lack of healthcare infrastructures (Goodgame et al., 1975). Durin g this epidemic, cholera invaded the coast and the interior through waterways and continued to spread to the interior of the Sahel countries by land to travel to nomadic tribes. During the 1970 cholera epidemic, 28 were newly affected were reported and 16 are in Africa (Kaper et al., 1995).In South America, the seventh pandemic which began in Peru in January 1991 caused a dedicate of cholera to the continent after more than a century in an explosive epidemic (Levine, 1991) (Ries et al., 1992). Subsequently, neighboring Ecuador and Colombia also reported cholera epidemic. In each of these countries were bulk of low socio-economic status, lack of clean water and sanitation, the most affected (Pan American Health presidency, 1991). In April 1991 a small outbreak was reported in Santiago, the capital of Chile (Levine, 1991). Cholera then invaded more countries in South and Central America along the Pacific coast. The Pan American Health Organization estimated that during 1991 and 199 2 there were 750,000 cases of cholera and 6,500 deaths in the Americas (Pan American Health Organization, 1991).Recently, the July 1994 outbreak in Goma, Zaire, (Siddique, 1995), is considered one of the worst outbreaks in recent history. Nearly a million people were displaced to Zaire and sheltered in refugee camps as a result of Conflicts between tribes in neighboring Rwanda. Outbreak of cholera in refugee camps affected by exiguity caused an estimated 12,000 deaths among Rwandan refugees during a period of three weeks (Siddique, 1995). The seventh pandemic was active causing seasonal outbreaks in several developing countries. However, in 1992, V. cholerae belonging to serogroup non-O1 (now known as O139) caused massive epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh and India and spread to other countries, which could represent the beginning of the eighth pandemicConclusionJohn Snow achievement was based on the logical organization of his remarks. He recognized a natural experiment, and its q uantitative approach to the analysis of the occurrence of disease in human populations, which is actually a summary of the views of modern epidemiology. It has been over a century and a half since Dr. Snow had published his findings. And in spite the medical and epidemiological advancement in combating the disease, yet, the threat of cholera remains very real and cholera continues to be a global threat to public health and an important indicator of the lack of social development, especially in developing countries which suffer from lack of access to drinking water and lack of sanitation. The disease continues to challenge the increasing proportion of penetrable populations living in unsanitary conditions, such as slums and refugee camps. The treatment centers and water purification units in poor nations are only interim measures, and steady blood line in the spread of the illness should not be seen as a complete victory.

Heuristic Evaluation Weakness And Strength Computer Science Essay

heuristic paygrade Weakness And Strength Computer Science EssayWhen choosing a usability rating rule, it is definitive to understand what usability valuation is. Usability paygrade evaluates how the interface of certain softw atomic number 18 or product works. How the test is conducted and how detailed the test stop be, how it will pit on tests and so on. For this study, heuristic evaluation is selected as the briny analytical inspection method and for the empirical method, Usability interrogation is selected.First introduced by Jakob Nielson in early 90s, the evaluation for usability was created to enhance evaluation method by taking elements much(prenominal) as, user interface(Rogers and Preece, 2007, p.686), dialog boxes, scorecards, seafaring structure , online help and etc.(Rogers and Preece, 2007, p.686). This evaluation method was c anyed heuristic evaluation and when its early establishment, usability evaluation signpost has a long list of method (Nielsen and M olich, 1990), and Nielson shorten the list to only ten of main heuristic evaluation which is(Nielsen, 2005)Visibility of brass status The system of rules should always keep users informed about what is expiration on, through appropriate feedback within reasonable time.Match between system and the real world The system should speak the users language, with words, phrases and concepts familiar to the user, rather than system-oriented terms. Follow real-world conventions, making education appear in a natural and logical order. drug user control and exemption Users lots choose system functions by mistake and will contend a clearly marked emergency exit to leave the unwanted state without having to go through an extended dialogue. Support undo and redo.Consistency and standards Users should non have to wonder whether different words, situations, or actions mean the same thing. Follow platform conventions. err 1ous belief prevention Even better than good error messages is a careful design which prevents a job from occurring in the first place. Either eliminate error-prone conditions or check for them and present users with a confirmation option earlier they commit to the action. designation rather than recall Minimize the users memory load by making objects, actions, and options visible. The user should non have to remember information from one part of the dialogue to a nonher. Instructions for use of the system should be visible or easily retrievable whenever appropriate.Flexibility and efficiency of use Accelerators unseen by the novice user may often speed up the interaction for the dependable user such that the system fire cater to both inexperienced and experienced users. Allow users to tailor frequent actions.Aesthetic and minimalist design Dialogues should not contain information which is irrelevant or rarely needed. Every extra unit of information in a dialogue competes with the relevant units of information and diminishes their relational vi sibility.Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors Error messages should be expressed in plain language (no codes), precisely indicate the trouble, and constructively suggest a solution.Help and financial backing Even though it is better if the system can be used without documentation, it may be necessary to provide help and documentation. Any such information should be easy to search, focused on the users task, list concrete steps to be carried out, and not be overly large.These sets of rules or guideline set the bench mark on how to evaluate usability on interface designs. For example, Mook (2008) research on Microsoft Windows XP Usability testing that is conducted by Bloomberg University, Washington shows that several functionality testing is conducted with the participation of students from the same University, such as screen background up an email account, writing an letter, saving a letter copy and sending the final were the part of a important study on how t hose interface function works. heuristic program Evaluation StrengthHeuristic evaluation can be seen as one of the usability methods that is knows as Usability discount engineering (Useit, 2001). The main advantages of Heuristic Evaluation can be verified as cost efficient, intuitive, planning on evaluation doesnt need any advance feature and it can be used easily in early development phases (Nielson and Molich, 1990).Cost Efficient Cost Efficient or cheap means that it can be implemented in any development phases. For example, when creating a System, evaluation can be done on interfaces that are in Prototype Development Phase. This evaluation can be easily done without jeopardizing the cost when evaluating.(Cockton et.al, 2003)Intuitive Intuitive means that is it easy to ask people to evaluate using Heuristic evaluation method, for example, evaluation can be done both by students or professionals and independently. (Nielsel and Molich, 1990).Advance Planning not required Heuristic Evaluation also doesnt need advance planning prior to evaluation, meaning that it is evaluated with the rules or guidelines, with reference to Ten Usability Guidelines.Can be used easily in early development phases Evaluation or test can be done before the final finished product is out. Meaning that it can be tested within the precedent or beta version of the product.Heuristic Evaluation WeaknessNot shortly solving identified puzzles match to Nielson and Molich (1990), one of the disadvantages of Heuristic evaluation is problem are identified regardless of suggestions how to solve them. For example, once the problem has been identified, evaluators doesnt tend to overhear information for how to resolve the current problems.Working on binary get along of problems As suggested by Nielsen and Molich (1990), evaluators just tend to identify several small usability issues, though several more are experts are useful to identify multiple problems.Not suitable on complex interfaces Bec ause in heuristic evaluation uses small amount of evaluators, they tend to missed out several issues, such as minor issues in complex interfaces.Usability TestingDescriptionThe approach for Usability Testing is the test that is conducted toward a product or website to ensure that the product or website is in functional state. Meanwhile, empirical uses more approach towards the thorough observation of the current system. The goal of Usability Testing is to get feedback from users whether the product that is being developed is usable by its standards. Usability testing in earlier days is conducted to investigate the usability efficiency features on interfaces (Rogers and Preece, 2007, p.646). For example, tests conducted on twelve students, by the Wichita State University (Lenz, 2008), to test usability of several gaming peripherals, such as gaming joystick, gaming pad and mouse. Participants of this test firstly need to fill out a questionnaire based on their gaming experience (Lenz, 2008) and their clinical is to eliminate 15 enemy robots as quickly and efficiency as possible (Lenz, 2008). These results are recorded and later processed to be viewed as a full video. Data recorded such as how many enemies killed, time to be taken to kill an enemy and how many shots fired per kill are recorded (Lenz, 2008). Usability testing is divided into two groups, which is analytical and empirical, the analytical method means that the evaluated system are thoroughly checked and examined to crucially identify problems.Usability Testing StrengthUsability Testing is a procedure that ensures that the final product is meeting the current specification and doing the tasks it supposed to do. Several advantages of Usability Testing can be identified, such as direct feedback from users, how to react to problems and resolving potential problems, if arises (McGregor, n.d)Direct Feedback from Users Getting the required feedback from users is one of the advantages when using the usabili ty testing. For example, questionnaires are such tools when using usability testing. Hands on users usage on interfaces are also one of the direct feedbacks that are used in usability testing. For example, testers on interactive websites can directly interact with websites and gives feedback to evaluators respectively.How to react to current problem If problem arises, evaluators can react directly to specific problems and options. For example, when evaluating websites, if certain link up are not working, the evaluators can directly spot the problems answer potential puzzles Launch of the final product can be done and bushel by the final product is launched. For example, once the problems are spotted, any problems can be fixed in mean time before the product is finalized.Usability Testing WeaknessesCostly in regards of equipment, staffing and facility For example, when conducting tests, costs of equipment can be tall, because of setting up of computers, questionnaires and so on.A nalysis of data collected is complex Once the tests are conducted, evaluators need to analyze those data. Usually these data are complex, for example going through hundreds of questionnaires to get the final data, this create more time consuming on staff.Require commitments by testers For example, test on websites with a 10 students currently testing interfaces on websites will need full commitments of students, thus creating inflexible time rate with the testers.Task 2IntroductionLiveAtc Website is a live distribute Traffic Control online website that enables visitors to hear live ATC from various airports in the world. Although overall look of the website is reasonable, but there are number of issues that will cause problems for users tour to the site. Using heuristic evaluation of the website, users will generally satisfy when visiting the site.Heuristic EvaluationHeuristic Evaluation will be used upon evaluating of the website. The base ten general heuristic areVisibility of system status.Match between system and the real world.User control and freedom.Consistency and standards.Error prevention.Recognition rather than recall.Flexibility and efficiency of use.Aesthetic and minimalist design.Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors.Help and documentation.Evaluated Website http//www.liveatc.netDate Accessed 20 November 2010.Nielsen(n.d) also suggested that a scale rating from 0(Zero) to 4(Four) should be used to identify the severity of the problem. rankDescription0No Usability Problem At All.1Cosmetic problem only need not be fixed unless extra time is available on project.2Minor usability problem fixing this should be given low priority.3 major usability problem important to fix, so should be given high priority.4Usability calamity imperative to fix this before product can be released. dining table 1 Nielsen recommended severity table.Problem 1Brief description of problem Color hyperlink coding not available thus denying link recognitionP roblem for User User has to remember each link page before moving to another one, thus making problem remembering where theyre left before.Heuristic conformed to Recognition rather than recall, because User has to recall where theyve been before rather than having color hyperlink recognition.Severity of the problem Rating number 3 Major usability problem important to fix, so should be given high priority.Problem 2Brief description of problem Website doesnt have any back button to the link before it, thus making user have to use the back browser button instead.Problem for User User will have problem navigation from each link to another without a back or forward button.Heuristic conformed to User control and freedom, because user doesnt have any control and freedom for each link, thus will limit them on going back and forward on each link.Severity of the problem Rating number 4, Usability catastrophe imperative to fix this before product can be released.Problem 3Brief description of p roblem Website design is complicated. Banner and icons are not properly aligned. Webpage width and size for different cerebrate are not standardized. The content copyright footer doesnt align properly.Problem for User On slightly pages, User have to scroll down to just click the About button, because there is no standardization between web links within the pages.Heuristic conformed to Consistency and standards , because the website doesnt have consistency and standards such as , between pages, there is no standard size or page limit, certain web links have different size and confusing links.Severity of the problem Rating number 3, Major usability problem important to fix, so should be given high priority.Problem 4Brief description of problem On the Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) page, it links to another site, which is a forum site. This hinder user from get quick help from the website but rather have to ask and wait for a required help.Problem for user User would have to search from a long list of FAQ and by the end of the list they might not find the required answer. Asking in a forum would just keep back the user wait for answers rather getting the answer immediately.Heuristic conformed to Help and documentation, because of the nature of the FAQ given on the site, long lists of FAQ are given. But not all would cater the needs of the user and the FAQ link is not so helpful on users.Severity of the problem Rating number 2, Minor usability problem fixing this should be given low priority.Problem 5Brief description of problem Website doesnt have an effective navigation menu. For example, the main page has a piteous navigation menu. Links are not properly justified and creates confusion.Problem for User User often gets confused on whether the link is as one or not because there is no separation between links.Heuristic conformed to Visibility of system status. This is because lack of features such as effective navigation menu hinders the user to have easy u sability of the website.Severity of the problem Rating number 2, Minor usability problem fixing this should be given low priority.Problem 6Brief description of problem There is no accessibility features for users who has problems viewing the icons and shells on the website. Zoom feature or enlarging the site features should help.Problem for user User who have accessibility problem will have difficulties going through the site as there is no accessibility features such as font enlargement or zoom features.Heuristic conformed to Flexibility and inefficiency of use, because accessibility features are not anywhere in the website or in their links.Severity of the problem Rating number 2, Minor usability problem fixing this should be given low priority.SummaryAccording to Nielsen (n.d), related usability problem can be found in four ways, that is, in a single location in the interface, at two or more locations that have to be compared to find. Overall structure of the problem interface a nd something that can be included in the interface but it is missing. In the Heuristic evaluation done above, the biggest single problem with the LiveAtc website is that, the design is too simple and would only cater with experienced visitor or user. Although problems can be identified more than six (6), but the most obvious problem is what has been evaluated above. Problems would occur if inexperience visitor is browsing through the site and would have difficulties such as navigating and understanding regardless the anonymity of the un-standardized of some web links it has. Severity rating when evaluating the website was from two (2) to four (4) rating, with reference to the Nielsen Severity Rating table. This shows that the website has problems range from cosmetic until problems that need to be fixed before publishing it to the internet. According to Nielsen experience with rating severity in heuristic evaluation (Nielsen, n.d), he suggested that, severity ratings from a single ev aluator are too unreliable to be trusted and recommend a three (3) evaluator when doing heuristic evaluation. Accuracy and reliability of rating severity determines from how complicated the product or website that would want to be evaluated. LiveATC website is a very simple website and when judging from the Nielsen experience when rating severity, it could be that the accuracy of the evaluation would be more reliable because of the simplicity of the website evaluated.

Discrimination Against Those with AIDS :: Discrimination AIDS

Employees are being discriminated against for their infectious illnessknown as A.I.D.S. They are labeled incapable of do the tasks theypursued before they were recognized as being infected. The confidentiality ofan employee is a private matter and very individual(prenominal). There aremany differentkinds of prejudice but not angio tensin converting enzyme as deadly as A.I.D.S Discrimination. Theemotional trauma and future ofemployment play a giant role in the inflicted.Health policies through job-related fields must(prenominal) learn to recognize that likeother illnesses, A.I.D.S does not forbid an employee of carry throughing his or herduties. It is the most altering form of discrimination because of the fact thatevery conviction a person finds out they are positive, the opinions of those whosurround them are likely to change. The working class is the most susceptible tothis form of discrimination. The every day environment of an employee withA.I.D.S is also the work grounds for someone who isntinfected with A.I.D.S.A.I.D.S Discrimination in a job-related atmosphere is due to lack of educationand sensitivity.The infection of HIV does not undertake an employeesefficiency fromsatisfactory to intolerable. An employee should not be denied employment orpromotion if they are not flawed by HIV. Some employees are not stripped oftheir capacities to perform even though they are infected with HIV(Lewy 2). Whyshould the employee health benefits be altered because of the nature of thedisease. The majority of employee policies offered cover catastrophic illnesswith only ten percent covering A.I.D.S. One particular policy states thatpeople do not become infected through usual behavior in a working environment.This illustrates that A.I.D.S patients are protected under disability law andare entitled to the same medical benefits (Karr A1). Policies must be issued toprotect the inflicted. A part of Health and Human Services review boardhas ruled discrimination against someone whos HIV-positive is illegal (Kolasa63). Where does it say that unless the infected is under employment? The main amour to understand is that it doesnt. Eileen Kolasa reminds us of a law of directmeaning HIV is a handicap protected under federal law (66). The American evaluator system is what decides the fate of the infected. The challenge ofbringing an A.I.D.S discrimination case in court has become very common in theUnited States. Such actions ca-ca been victorious and have helped pass revisedDisability Acts which applies to all diseases (Annas 592).Even though the infected are defended under law, it still violates apersons human rights of personal health secrecy. This discrimination has notreceived attention as aform of human-rights violation. The government and courtsystems have helped essentially, but discrimination also affects medical care.

A School Without Discrimination and Prejudice Essay -- Education Toler

School X is a school where prejudice is not an issue. Many factors contribute to School Xs deficiency of prejudice, including compulsory uniforms, stark teacher enforcement, Catholicism and Canada?s multiculturalism. Even globally, society is becoming more accepting of different cultures. Although numerous people have the touch that many schools in the district suffer from discrimination, School X remains a school renowned for its acceptance. Aside from the very infrequent incident, School X sustains its angelic icon of acceptance.The main reason for School Xs lack of prejudice is because of the moral beliefs Catholicism instills in School Xs students. The Catholic faith is deeply grow in the conceit of lenience and tolerance within society. The constant reiteration of this notion has been etched into the minds of the students at School X. In addition, things such(prenominal) as required religion courses, Masses, and gatherings such as the ?Prayer Club,? all play their role in illustrating to the students how imperative acceptance is within society. Consequently, Catholicism and the ... A School Without discrepancy and Prejudice Essay -- Education TolerSchool X is a school where prejudice is not an issue. Many factors contribute to School Xs lack of prejudice, including compulsory uniforms, strict teacher enforcement, Catholicism and Canada?s multiculturalism. Even globally, society is becoming more accepting of different cultures. Although numerous people have the belief that many schools in the district suffer from discrimination, School X remains a school renowned for its acceptance. Aside from the very infrequent incident, School X sustains its angelic image of acceptance.The main reason for School Xs lack of prejudice is because of the moral beliefs Catholicism instills in School Xs students. The Catholic faith is deeply rooted in the concept of lenience and tolerance within society. The constant reiteration of this notion has been etched into the minds of the students at School X. In addition, things such as obligatory religion courses, Masses, and gatherings such as the ?Prayer Club,? all play their role in illustrating to the students how imperative acceptance is within society. Consequently, Catholicism and the ...