Emotional Intelligence The Mcgraw Hill / Irwin Website

Emotional intelligence; also referred to as EI or EQ, is defined as, â€Å"a skill in perceiving, understanding, and managing emotions and feelings† (n.d.). The way I express myself, interact with others, demonstrate emotions and deal with stress on a consistent basis may lead to a high EQ, or low EQ, depending on my actions. I was able to take a self-assessment on the McGraw-Hill/Irwin website that provided a score for my emotional intelligence with specific areas of strengths and weaknesses included. Overall, I scored 87 out of 100 possible points, which ranks my score considerably high. Based on my results, I faired well in regards to understanding and managing my emotions in all areas of my life. Understanding emotional intelligence, and achieving a high score in similar assessments, may lead to rewarding results in many facets of life’s daily tasks and interactions. A person, who has developed a high emotional intelligence, will keep their emotions under control, s trengthen relationships with those around them, and know their limitations. Keeping emotions under control is no easy task, but once strategies for managing emotions are learned and implemented, this area of EQ may prove to be valuable. There are various strategies and techniques available for one to learn how to develop a solid foundation for emotional intelligence. One possible recommendation that may effectively improve emotional intelligence is a coach. According to Chamoroo-Premuzic (2013), â€Å" research alsoShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Coca-Cola Is Everything†1204 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Coca-Cola Is Everything† March 2013 Abstract This paper will provide the answers to questions asked in week two assignment. The paper will explore concepts such as supply chain management, switching cost, and business intelligence and apply them to Coca-Cola’s internal collaboration efforts. Sources in the paper have cited the use of social media tools through Facebook and loyalty programs. Warden (2013) has called Coca-Cola king of social of media. This paper will compare Coca-Cola’s socialRead MoreMarketing Principles Summative Brand Analysis - Urban outfitters2106 Words   |  9 Pagesretail environment; and an engaging integrated marketing communications approach. As their mission statement affirms, the intrinsic approach to this entire strategy is the constant endeavour to â€Å"understand our customers and connect with them on an emotional level† in order to determine customer behaviour (URBN.com; Bulmer and Oliver, 2004; Kimmel, 2010). A number of facets in Urban Outfitter’s customer-inspired product range position the brand ahead of competitors in the eyes of the target consumerRead MoreCultural Norms, Fair Lovely, and Advertising.2119 Words   |  9 Pagesis the correct use of the marketing promotion. To expand the Fair Lovely product brand non-traditional methods are needed. The culture differences where white skin is associated with beauty, which means that Fair Lovely has a high â€Å"emotional selling proposition† value that needs to be a branding parameter that has to be communicated. Focus on cooperate social responsibilities are a way of building up and keeping relationships with the customer, government, and other nongovernmental organizationsRead MoreApple Stp 4p3389 Words   |  14 Pagesquality and performance wise so that consumers are willing to pay a high price on iPad for the excellent performance and quality. Figure 11: Apple’s iPad competitors’ brief profile Sources: Adapted from Apple, Blackberry, Asus and Tablets.com websites Figure 12: Perceptual map for Apple’s iPad Popular brand name/image Apple iPad Blackberry Blackpad gap HP slate Acer tablet High performance Low performance Asus Eee tablet Quanta tablet Compal tablet Read MoreRemmington Peckinpaw Davis Problem Solution3618 Words   |  15 Pagesnet, did consumer confidence begin to increase (Goodin). Similar to eRPD, TD Ameritrade needed a solution to their security breech issues. TD Ameritrade could not continue to operate on a unreliable platform and their current team had too much emotional attachment to the project to allow them to modify their work. The solution to resourcing the project was to contract with an outside source, Hewlett Packard software systems, to redesign and deploy a security system to prevent further intrusionsRead MoreStrategic Management for Ikea12190 Words   |  49 Pagesenvironment. (Hitt, 2007,p.206) 2.1 Business-Level Strategy Business level strategy is the plan of action that a company follows to gain a competitive advantage over other companies by exploiting core competencies in specific, individual product markets. (Hill, et al., 2007, p.164). The purpose of Business Level Strategy is to create differences between the firm and it competitor and to enhance the competitive advantages. (Hitt, et al.,2007,p.112) Michael Porter had introduced 3 popular generic strategiesRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell LeadershipRead MoreCustomer Retention Strategies Used by Internet Service Providers in Kenya9467 Words   |  38 Pagessigns up for an account, one gets a user name, password, a lot of telephone numbers that one could dial to access the internet and the appropriate software. This will include a â€Å"web browser† – the basic software for accessing and reading content on websites, an e-mail client for composing and reading the messages on the vast number of news groups, affinity groups exchanging messages and information on particular topics, (Siringinidi, 2000).Consumers will normally be provided with dial-up access to theirRead MoreThe Effects of Benefits, Relationship with Supervisor, and Job Security on Job Satisfaction of the Csa at Lmn Company in Metro Manila15175 Words   |  61 PagesPositive mindset of the people signify their job satisfaction and whereas negative mindset of the people signify their job dissatisfaction (Armstrong, 2006). Job satisfaction is th e success of the employees that can be determined based on their intelligence, their skills, and their attitude and training. Also, the success of an individual in his/her job depends on how s/he deals with his/her co-workers. Getting along with people and the good adjustment of jobs are important also in success. NewstromRead MoreLiterature Review Summary19571 Words   |  79 Pagesstable set of customers in an organisation’s product and service. There is little demand of time and attention in the firm that engaged with (Yang and Peterson, 2004), and likewise favourable behaviour in firm of different ways because of their emotional attachment (Crosby, 2002). Hence, they create substantial source of sustained growth (Anderson and Mittal, 2000). 2.1.7 LOYALTY OF CUSTOMER AND PROFIT Profitability is goal intent of a corporate organisation (Reinartz and Kumar, 2002). Hence, imperative

The Importance Of A College Education Essay - 1692 Words

A college education has a different meaning for every person in the world. To someone a college education could mean that they’re smarter than most, or it’s one more step closer to their future goals, or it could just be another piece of paper to make their family proud. The importance of a college education depends on what a degree means to the person. I think the true purpose of a college education should be base more on a personal level, and not a broad level. The reason why I think the purpose of a college education should be; don’t exactly mean that everyone else agree with my purpose. That’s why I think the purpose shouldn’t have an overall answer, but should be dictated based on personal belief. Having the purpose of a college education be tailor around the individual makes it unique, and significant to that person. Even though the reasons may variety, some reasons are the same, but others may differ. However, reasoning that may differ have a reason why it differs, and how it’s related the person. Going to college for some people could just simply mean further their education or challenging themselves. Going to college doesn’t always mean that you’re just doing it for a job or a career. It could mean you want to learn more about the world around you. Or you could just want to learn some things here, and there to make you successful in your career; without getting a degree. It’s a lot of people who just take a few classes every couple of years to update,Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of College Education1142 Words   |  5 PagesJacartier McGee Education is the single most important factor in the growth of our country. Specifically, higher education paves a future and provides opportunity for students that attend college and gives them a shot at a career. 50 years ago, college was strictly for the elite, high class Americans. Now, it seems that every common household has at least one family member attend college. But with the increasing drop out rate today, students seem less interested in learning at college and their prioritiesRead MoreThe Importance Of A College Education?1419 Words   |  6 PagesZhao English 101C Professor A.Pino Nov 13th 2017 The importance of a college education In the period of their high school career, the students shall begin to ask and consider the college education’s importance. The answer is that the accepting college education offers chances to graduates, which are more widespread to those who have the levels of senior high education or less. Most of people understand that they desire to accept a college education, but they do not know why or how it would fulfillRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education1257 Words   |  6 Pageswhen deciding whether to go to college or which college to attend. The importance of college has been a long-debated topic that is becoming more and more popular. It used to be that a high school education was necessary to succeed, and a college degree was merely beneficial. However, today college has escalated into something that is considered necessary to succeed. New York Times columnists, David Leonhardt, states that â€Å"if youre someone who can get into college, going is practically a no-brai nerRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education912 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of College Education 4. with a college education young adults are more likely to make more money or have better pay jobs than those without a higher education. In the article, â€Å"More Students Getting Graduate Degrees† writer Cecilia Capuzzi states that â€Å"in every academic major group, more education resulted in more money(2). With this said the more Knowledge and education a person gains the more likely they are to be financially successful. A person with an associates, bachelors, orRead MoreThe Importance Of A College Education1511 Words   |  7 PagesFor many Americans, a college education is essential to future success.† His statement taps into one of the biggest issues in America. While education is a strong value in this country, after high school, the percentage of people getting an education dramatically drops. Although many people choose to not go to college, there are also many people who do not go simply because they cannot afford it. Without the skill set that one acq uires during these crucial years of education, many Americans thenRead MoreThe Importance Of Education In College924 Words   |  4 PagesGonzalez from Resilient Scholar is helping me also by guiding me towards help and tutoring. I am currently taking two summer courses at Glendale Community College through a special program   EOP is hosting there.   Geology 101 and Astronomy 152 is what I am currently taking at GCC. I have met with Dr. Joong-won Lee a very respected professor in the College of Health and Human Development, and he has helped my set up a plan of which courses I should take until I graduate from Csun. He helped me make a veryRead MoreThe Importance of College Education705 Words   |  3 Pageswhether or not to attend college can be difficult, especially given the tremendous costs associated with tuition, books, and campus living. Moreover, getting a good job or earning an attractive income is not necessarily guaranteed with a college degree. The decision of whet her or not to attend college must come from within, and must transcend thoughts about money. For me, going to college represents a genuine personal feat. There are three main reasons why college education is important to me. FirstRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education1138 Words   |  5 PagesCollege Education 1. INTRODUCTION My issue is the debate if college education is worth it. Many people think going to college is the ideal thing to do but there is also people who think college is not worth all the time and money. In 2016, the employment rate was highest for young adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher, 88 %. College prepares young adults for the real world and everything they need to know. Typically, college graduates have higher employment rates and have a better chanceRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education1593 Words   |  7 Pages Most parents encourage their children to achieve a college degree because they believe it is a passport to success. Nationwide it has been known in order to get ahead, go to college. College helps young adults socialize, be independant, and allows them to find themselfs. College graduates have been known to posses higher employment rates, and greater work benefits. Also, college can be a huge milestone in ones life. That being said, these are most likely the reasons why the majority of high schoolRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education718 Words   |  3 PagesCollege education is primarily a successful future. Right now college is a benefit to ones upcoming life. One will face difficult trials in life and college is the main reason how problems can be fixed. Earning a college degree is a major step that its becoming the American dream. Go to college, get a job, buy a house, and raise a family. It may not always be that simple, but it all starts with a college education. A col lege education is valuable because one can maintain a job, earn more money

Business Plan The Develop Business Objectives

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Plan. Answer: Introduction: Swot Analysis for a Small Startup Company The SWOT analysis is very commonly used tool which needs to develop business objectives. By SWOT analysis a company can develop their business performance management in future (Aguinis 2009). Each business has its internal and external factors. To identify the effects of internal and external factors, a small startup company like Web Startup need to do the SWOT analysis. Almost all small company can support this technique to develop their business performance (Shahzad and Sharfman 2015). A web startup is a small company which is web or e-commerce based. The company can use SWOT analysis to observe their websites. By the SWOT analysis, the company can judge their websites according to the user-friendly criteria. Web Startup can also be helped by traditional SWOT analysis. Nowadays, the organizations as well company need to be more develop on behalf of their websites. They always need to enhance their user experience. So it is crucial for a Web startup to find consistently some fresh ways to update their web. Also, the SWOT analysis can be known as structured analysis. It helps to develop the basic planning method. The entire SWOT analysis can depend on some factors. The factors are- Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats These factors help a company to classify between internal and external factors. The internal factors depend on the strength and weaknesses of the company. The external factors depend on the opportunities and threats of the company. Web startup can control their internal factors but not the external factors. By the analysis, Web startup identifies their company faults and improvements (Tracy 2014). Strength Very inexpensive leadership A good relationship with clients Update global navigation bar Very easy and user-friendly navigation on website Smart Banner Weaknesses Product quality is not best. Unhurried response to clients inquiries Very long subscription process Very deprived mobile optimization It's tough to study text on the website Opportunities Government support is highly needed to take local markets Customers can attract to the online shopping High speed in website loading Encourage people to visit websites Threats The completion with indirect competitors in the company Social media engagement of competitors A unique application acceded by a competitor. The Stages of Setting up a Small Scale Company To start a small scale company like Web startup, it is crucial to maintaining some strategy or planning. The business must consider some planning, efficient decision on financial criteria and lastly complete a sequence of the legal activities. There are ten stages which must be followed by small scale company to start a business. The stages are as follows- Do a Business Plan Web startup must follow some tools as well as resources to make their business strategy. By making the plan, the company can observe the entire management of their company and the business performance making procedure (Barrow, Barrow and Brown 2008). That plan will help the company to make their business successful. Get Business Support and Preparation The company may take some support from free training as well as from the counseling services. By this stage, Web startup can prepare their business plan and also secure their financial requirements. That helps the company to relocate and raise the business (Business strategy series 2008). Customer Business Friendly Location Every company, like Web startup, must use a customer-friendly business location to grow their business. The company owner needs to get some advice about the location. The company should comply with the zoning laws to observe the location (Repullo 2013). Business Finance Finance is a vital part for a company to start their business efficiently. The owner of the company may take government-backed loans. The venture capital helps the company to start their business. The research grants can help the company to get started. Determining the Legal Structure of Business This part can be introduced to decide the ownership form. It can depend on sole proprietorship and partnership. Also some other structure such as Limited Liability Company, cooperative, corporation and S corporation (Berry 2013). Registration for the Business Name The owner of the Web startup must register the company name to the state government. By this, the company can get a number regarding tax identification. The company can observe the number from IRS as well as the agency of state revenue. Registration for Local Taxes and State Taxes The company must be registered with their state. That is crucial to get the tax identification number as well as the workers compensation. It is a major part to secure unemployment and the insurance of disability. Business License and Ppermit The company must get the list of state, federal and local licenses which required for their business Recognize Employee Responsibilities To maintain the employee responsibilities, The company should maintain the legal steps. The legal steps help the company to hire employees. Various Sources of Finance Available to a Small Business To turn a business successful, clear and compelling idea needed. To start up a small business the entrepreneur needs to decide some practical decisions. The company must decide their monetary amount and the period during the finance continued. The company also concern with their finance securities. The finance contains startup costs, startup investment, working capital and allowance. The development of a company mainly depends on the company finance status. Various resources must be available to startup a small business. Internal Resources External Resources Personal Resources Internal Resources The internal resources are an essential source to start a small company. This part have many sections. The retained profit section can be introduced to generate cash for trades profitable business. In the next section, the share capital can be invested. The shared capital can be invested by the Founder of the company. The business structure can be more developed by investing the share capital. External Resources To start up a small business, it is crucial to use some external resources. The external resource contains Loan capital. The loan capital is a very common resource which can be used by a maximum number of a business person. It contains various forms. Bank loan, as well as Bank overdraft, is the heavy used part of this section. The external resource contains some shared capital which can be used by outside investors (Libby, Libby and Short 2007). Personal Resources It contains the management of personal finances. By this, the entrepreneur can invest by personal cash balance. Also, the entrepreneur can take cash from friends as well as family. Using credit card is another way to finance a startup business. Difference between Financial and Managerial Accounting Aggregation In the case of financial accounting, the report mainly depends on the business results. The detail level report can be represented by Managerial accounting (Davis and Davis 2012). Efficiency The business profitability can be reported by Financial Accounting, whereas the primary cause of the problem can be reported by managerial accounting. Proven Information The financial statement record can be required by financial accounting, whereas managerial accounting regularly deals with the estimates. Help of a Business Advisor in Case of Marketing Approaches Broad Thinking and Auditing Name It is not the point of concern that how big the business is, one has to place a mental image in his/her mind that there is nobody in front of him/her in the industrial field. One has to spend more time on more important tasks like marketing approaches, improving the relation between the customers. One must find alternative strategies to increase and expand the quality of the service. Staying out of the Competition Being Different from the Others One always has to think big, to make the small business large. It is just a waste of time to be in the competition with the others in the market. It is to notice that the main aim of any business is to reach the highest level of success (Quitt, 2010). So being different from the others by innovative business strategies is one of the main approaches to marketing in this case. Building Relationship with the Customers Now this is a very crucial fact that one must have a strong relationship with the customer. Decent behaviour and proper service can build a strong relationship with the customer. Customers always try to find a beneficial offer in the market. If the satisfactory level of the customer is reached then it can be said the relationship with the customer will become strong. Email Address Collection In today's generation internet has been one of the key aspects of any business. Online marketing and resourcing have the capability to improve any kind of business big time. Customer may also find it easy to fetch their needful through online marketing. One of the most crucial facts of any business is to access the demands of the customer. Hiring top Sales People Every successful business has to realise the fact the quality of their sales staff is a critical fact to sustain their growth in the place of the market. The strength of the mentioned staffs must have the potentiality to reach their goals within the given deadline. Many of the companies have the potentiality to provide efficient sales staff to identify the top candidates and develop the quality of the new sales staffs (Fledelius, 2008). Actual v/s Expected figures Qualitative vs. quantitative The qualitative indicators help to understand the behaviour of the humans in accordance with the perspective of the informant. It also helps to assume a reality which is negotiated as well as dynamic. This is a very useful tool for a new organisation which is planning to operate their business successfully. It provides a conceptual method to the organisation as mentioned above. Similarly, it includes some methodological factors which an organisation should be concerned with. In this format firstly the data is collected according to the observation of the participant as well as their interviews. After that, it is the responsibility of the management of the organisation to analyse the collected data. The analysis is done with the help of the descriptions and the themes of the interview along with the organisations a whole. When all of these processes are done, it is the time for the reporting the data in the informant's language (Farmer and Xie, 2012). On the other hand, the quantitative indicator is another useful tool for the development of the organization which is planning, to begin with, their business plan. This type of indicator also helps the organization conceptually. It helps to discover the various facts regarding the social phenomena. Contrary to the qualitative indicator it assumes the reality on the basis of a measurable and fixed data. The process of the execution of this indicator also differs from the former indicator. For example, in this process, the data is collected through the measurements and statistics instead of the observation of the participants. After the collection of the data, it is the job of the management of the organization to analyze the data with the help of appropriate numerical comparisons and arithmetical inferences (Connecting with your customers, 2006). Last but not the least similar to the qualitative indicator, in this process also the data is reported but in a different manner, which is s tatistical analysis. Thus it is quite clear that both of the indicators are equally important for an organization and they have their own value to the business of the organization. Possible Qualitative and Quantitative Indicators for Booth's Engineering Company Booth's engineering company has concerned the human resource behavior understanding the informant's perspective; it has also assumed a negotiated and dynamic fact in the real world. The data are collected through the observation and interview. The company has also remembered the fact of the language of the informant (Armstrong and Armstrong, 2011). These are the qualitative indicators whereas this company has concerned the social phenomena in the field of discovering new facts. The reality is fixed and measurable which has helped the company on many issues. By measuring different things data are collected and these data are reported through statistical analysis. References Aguinis, H. (2009).Performance management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Barrow, C., Barrow, P. and Brown, R. (2008).The business plan workbook. London: Kogan Page. Berry, S. (2013). QUESTIONS OF OWNERSHIP: PROPRIETORSHIP AND CONTROL IN A CHANGING RURAL TERRAIN A CASE STUDY FROM GHANA.Africa, 83(01), pp.36-56. Business strategy series. (2008). [Bradford, England]: Emerald. Davis, C. and Davis, E. (2012).Managerial accounting. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D. (2007).Financial accounting. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Repullo, R. (2013). Cyclical adjustment of capital requirements: A simple framework.Journal of Financial Intermediation, 22(4), pp.608-626. Shahzad, A. and Sharfman, M. (2015). Corporate Social Performance and Financial Performance: Sample-Selection Issues.Business Society. Tracy, B. (2014).Leadership. New York: American Management Association. Armstrong, M. and Armstrong, M. (2011).Armstrong's handbook of strategic human resource management. London: Kogan Page. Connecting with your customers. (2006). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. Farmer, T. and Xie, H. (2012). Manufacturing Phenomena or Preserving Phenomena? Core Issues in the Identification of Peer Social Groups With Social Cognitive Mapping Procedures.Social Development, 22(3), pp.595-603. Fledelius, H. (2008). Optic disc size: are methodological factors taken into account?.Acta Ophthalmologica, 86(7), pp.813-814. Quitt, A. (2010).Measuring supply management's budget effects. Wiesbaden: Gabler.

Report Writing About Depression

Paul Dewey (2006) defined depression as a health condition which is characterised with intense feelings of low mood or sadness. Even though these are common feelings in human life that are likely to come as a result of normal reactions to matters of life, depression is much more serious since it interferes with people’s lives in a negative manner (p. 285).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Report Writing About Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Globally, the incidence of depression tends to be high. However, the prevalence of the condition varies greatly throughout the world, with some countries having higher rates than others. Focusing on the Australian context, Slade and others (2009) stated that depression is among the top three individual health problems in Australia together with stroke and heart attack. The incidence of the disease in the country is observed to have risen over the years to re ach very high levels today (p. 594). According to the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, conducted in 2014, there are around one million people in Australia suffering from depression today. In fact, depression has a high lifetime-prevalence where it is observed that one in seven Australians will experience depression in their lifetime. Depression triggers serious economic as well as social impacts on Australians, as a result of the management costs and the many suicide deaths that would tend to arise from the condition. Even though depression can occur at any age of life, it is very common with the elderly people who are highly exposed to most of the factors contributing to the condition. There are many factors that can trigger depression for all age groups, but some of the common causes would include things such as illnesses, bereavement, loss of independence, and exposure to brutal life conditions. People having depression may be identified with feelings of sadness, loss of interest in common matters of life, hopelessness, emptiness, and despair, among other symptoms (Barney et al., 2006). This condition can interfere with people’s ability to eat, rest, work, participate in studies, and interact with others. The prognosis for people suffering from depression is often not favourable. In most cases, the deep hopelessness experienced in depression would make victims see suicide as the only way to escape from the brutalities of the condition (Sanchez, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also, depression can result in permanent insanity and non-fatal disability. Apart from the extreme outcomes highlighted above, victims are also likely to adopt bad behaviours that can be characterised with things such as homicidal violence, drug abuse, and irritability. The treatment of people with depression has become much easier in Australia du e to the many developments that have been realised in the Healthcare Sector. For instance, the use of modern technologies in the sector has improved the work of the professionals who deal with this condition, thus making it more manageable (Sawyer et al., 2001). Different health care professionals across the country can offer treatment and advice on how to handle depression. Apart from the role played by doctors, much help can also be realised through the help of psychologists and psychiatrists. These later professionals in the health care sector assist people to cope with life issues in an effective way, thus helping to minimise cases of depression (Wilson, 2007). Common psychological treatments in Australia include things such as family therapy, interpersonal therapy, and cognitive behavior therapy. Depression is often misunderstood by many people in the world, and this helps to explain the many myths surrounding the condition today. For example, there are many misunderstandings a bout the condition and how it impacts people’s lives in Australia. Following is a summary of some of the common myths of depression in the country. There is concrete evidence that many people in Australia tend to believe that depression is the cause of all suicide deaths in the world, but this not true (Reavley Jorm, 2011). Even though depression is a major cause of suicide deaths, not all people who commit suicide suffer from the condition. But the truth of the matter is that suicide deaths can also occur as a result of other causes. In some cases, people have also been misled to believe that depression is a communicable disease. This is also not true, since it has been proven that depression is a condition which is triggered by some common factors in life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Report Writing About Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is also a misunderstanding that all young peo ple will develop depression, and therefore, it is just a normal part of human life (Jorm et al., 2006). This is also a myth, and the truth about this perception is that depression does not come just to anybody, and in case it occurs, it can be to people of any age and not only young people. This explanation can also apply in dismissing a belief by some communities that depression only affects the old, which is also not true. Another false belief about depression is that it always leads to insanity. There is also a misleading perception that people suffering from this condition are doomed. Another serious misinformation about depression is that, talking and listening to ones family and friends alone can permanently cure the condition. All these myths among others that have not been observed here are likely to perpetuate discrimination and stigma against the victims. For instance, people suffering from the condition will be sidelined by others for fear that they will pass the disease to them. More importantly, the victims are viewed as doomed people who are destined for death through suicide, and in that case, they are discriminated and stigmatized by others in the community. The media, both fiction and non-fiction, has been a significant tool which has been used to portray the issue of depression and other mental problems in Australia. Even though study has shown most of these media to have played a key role in informing the public about depression, others have just misinformed people about the condition, thus further perpetuating the discrimination and stigma associated with it (Highet, Luscombe Davenport, 2006). However, the good news is that over 80 percent of the media have taken the issue of depression more seriously, thus applying every effort to inform people about it. A good example here is the Australian print media which has extensively continued to educate people about the facts surrounding the condition (McGorry et al., 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More positive outcomes in regard with media portrayal of depression are likely to be realised in Australia, considering the efforts of programs such as ‘Mindframe National Media Initiative’ that have been at the fore-front in providing guidelines on how different media platforms should portray depression to the people. References Barney, L., Griffiths, K., Jorm, A., Christensen, H. (2006). Stigma about depression and its impact on help†seeking intentions. Australian and New  Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(1), 51-54. Highet, N., Luscombe, G., Davenport, T. (2006). Positive relationships between public awareness activity and recognition of the impacts of depression in Australia and Burns. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(1), 55-58. Jorm, A., Barney, L., Christensen, H., Highet, N., Kelly, C., Kitchener, B. (2006). Research on mental health literacy: what we know and what we still need to know. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychia try, 40(1), 3-5. McGorry, P., Purcell, R., Hickie, I., Jorm, A. (2007). Investing in youth mental health is a best buy. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), S5-S7. Paul, S. Dewey, H. (2006). Prevalence of depression and use of antidepressant medication at 5-years poststroke in the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study. Stroke, 37(11), 285-289. Reavley, N., Jorm, A. (2011). Recognition of mental disorders and beliefs about treatment and outcome: findings from an Australian National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(11), 947-956. Sanchez, L. (2001). Suicide in mood disorders. Depress Anxiety, 14(3), 77-82. Sawyer, M., Arney, F., Baghurst, P., Clark, J., Graetz, B., Kosky, R., Zubrick, S. (2001). The mental health of young people in Australia: key findings from the child and adolescent component of the national survey of mental health and well†being. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35(6), 806-814. Slade, T., Johnston, A., Oakley B., Andrews, G., Whiteford, H. (2009). 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: methods and key findings. Australasian  Psychiatry, 43(7), 594-605. Wilson, C. J. (2007). When and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems? The Medical Journal of Australia, 187(4), S35-S39. This essay on Report Writing About Depression was written and submitted by user Michaela Reeves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Steps to Increasing Your Emotional Intelligence at Work

5 Steps to Increasing Your Emotional Intelligence at Work Emotional intelligence at work won’t just help you be a better coworker and employee. It is instrumental if you want to become a leader, or a mover and shaker within your field. Figuring out what other people may be thinking, wanting, feeling, and needing, and being sensitive and adaptable to those things will also, of course, make you a better person. Developing these skills would be a win-win personally and professionally, and may just be the secret weapon you need to distinguish yourself and achieve that extra level of success.Here are 5Â  strategies that you can use to start honing (and eventually mastering) your emotional intelligence at work. Start early and see how your career can change.1. Self-AssessIt’s not just about knowing who you are, or what you like, or even what your wants and needs are. It’s not even merely being honest with yourself about your strengths and weaknesses. It’s about understanding these things and having the confidence to w ork from within them, with an aim of accepting your current state, but constantly striving to improve. If you master this, and know exactly where and who you are- in work and in life- you’ll be much better equipped to get where you need to go.2. Self-regulateDevelop your inner Zen master. Keeping your cool in a crisis will help distinguish you for leadership. And being disciplined enough to control your emotions and disruptive or destructive tendencies might eventually reroute them entirely. Cultivate calm and positivity. Worst case scenario, you’ll stress much less. Best case, you’ll become the office guru, then Queen of the Universe.3. Practice empathyYou may think your manager or your co-worker is a total jerk, maybe even an incompetent one. But before you write them off, try to imagine being in their shoes. Are there complicating factors in their lives that you may or may not know about that might be affecting their work or behavior? If you can try and imagi ne how others might be feeling, you’ll be better able to feel for them- and able to exercise compassion. The selfish upside here is that you’ll get much better at understanding what motivates people, and able to maneuver yourself and your team accordingly.4. Relate to peopleReal connections are hard to come by. Cultivate them. Don’t just treat people like stepping stones and distractedly try to maintain your relationships. Work at it. It’s much easier to do if you work on #3 and actually listen to and care about people. And it’s crucial for developing #5.5. CommunicateYou’ve heard a million times that effective communication is the biggest key to leadership and real success. That’s probably because it’s true. Cultivating all of the above skills will help you to avoid misunderstandings, miscommunications, bruised feelings, and mixed signals. It will make your team stronger, and it will make you better- at your job and at your li fe. You’ll have a much easier time developing your sense of purpose and working on your own and with your team to achieve that purpose.

Sustainable Tourism Development Essay Example

Sustainable Tourism Development Essay Example Sustainable Tourism Development Essay Sustainable Tourism Development Essay 1993). Faced with the dramatic growth in international tourism from the 25 million trips of 1950 (WTO, 1993) to the 531 million of 1994 (WTO, 1995a) and its continued predicted growth (WTO, l995b), the replacement of mass tourism with the sustainable tourism promoted by the two positions was illogical. Being small scale, sustainable tourism lacked the capability (Butler, A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism 227 Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 1990; Cohen, 1987; Cooper et al. , 1993; Fennell Smale, 1992; Pearce, 1992). Sustainable tourism could neither manage the number of arrivals nor replace the economic benefits accrued (Butler, 1992; Cohen, 1987). For Wheeller (1990, l991a, l991b), the idea was a ‘micro solution’ struggling with a ‘macro problem’. Furthermore, this understanding was inward-looking, failing to recognise the importance of other industry sectors and the wider perspective of sustainable development (Hunter, 1995). Indeed, the second pair of positions better demonstrate the influence of the sustainable development landmarks that shaped the concept (for example, IUCN, 1980, 1991; The World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987; the GLOBE ’90 and ’92 conferences; The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development with Agenda 21). Other criticisms concerned issues such as elitism (Cazes, 1989; Richter, 1987), the problems of ensuring local ownership and control (Cater, 1992), and inbalances in power (Wheeller, 1990, l991a, l991b). Butler (1990) argued that the approach to sustainable tourism portrayed a static picture of impacts. The revision of features related to time and process produced a less flattering scenario (Butler, 1990). For example, the more intense contact between host and guest over a longer duration resulted in greater damage to the fragile host culture than was readily apparent in the ‘good’ versus ‘bad’ tables. The emergence of these tables was partly a response to an over-simplistic interpretation of Krippendorf’s work (1982, 1987). Krippendorf (1987) was not opposed to mass tourism as long as it progressed towards ‘harmonious’ tourism. In fact, he urged that: only if we succeed in living with tourism as a mass phenomenon, ? , can we claim to have made a decisive step forward, (Krippendorf, 1982: 111, author’s emphasis) an assertion often overlooked by proponents of a polar opposite or continuum approach. The third position of movement Criticisms of the earlier understandings of sustainable tourism, coupled with a closer alignment to sustainable development, resulted in the demand to change mass tourism to more sustainable forms (see, for example, Bramwell, 1991; Butler, 1990, 1991; Cohen, 1987; De Kadt, 1990; GLOBE, 1990; EIU, 1992). If the main problem of modern tourism is that of its huge number, (Krippendorf, 1987: 42, author’s emphasis) then mass tourism was the most visible and sensible candidate for initial reform. The sustainable tourism as understood under movement differed from the earlier definitions of sustainable tourism on three key dimensions: Â · The issue of scale became more objective and less emotive. Mass tourism became the subject for improvement, rather than the derided villain. Â · Sustainable tourism became the goal for attainment, rather than the possession of an existing scale of tourism. Operationalising current knowledge to move towards the goal became the 228 Journal of Sustainable Tourism (’mass tourism’) Large scale tourism Sustainable Tourism Goal Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 Figure 3 Position 3: movement practical focus of effort, rather than the ‘is it or isn’t it sustainable tourism’ debate of previous years. F igure 3 illustrates the understanding of sustainable tourism by movement advocates. As a label, large scale tourism is preferred to mass tourism, for it sheds the negative connotations. Viewed objectively, large scale tourism possesses strengths which could be used to advantage: Â · The environment is attacked by other industries, such as mining and manufacturing (EIU, 1992; McKercher, 1993), and tourism is dependent on environmental quality. The tourism industry must protect its assets; size is important, as large players exert pressure through lobbying power. Â · Large scale operators have the marketing and communication skills, plus contact opportunities in bulk, to actively foster interest in sustainable tourism amongst the millions of consumers who purchase their products. Large size confers influence over suppliers and distributors, which could be used as a persuasive force for the introduction of sustainable policies along the supply chain. Of course, there are less altruistic reasons for large scale tourism to instigate movement towards the sustainable tourism goal. The imposition of environmental regulatory control by governments grappling with world prob lems of acid rain, ozone layer depletion and global warming require a minimum response of compliance. From the demand side, the rise of consumer interest in green issues (see ETB, 1992a, 1992b; Green, 1990) provides the classic incentive of consumer needs. The interest expressed by consumers through financial institutions in environmental practices is a further motive. There are over thirty an ag em en im ts pa ct ys -e as nv ses tem iro nm s s re ent men use t al Guid , re au eline cyc di s for le, red t susta uce inab le to urism Equity Company/organisation focus ta lm s pac im cts al pa lob G im al sic y ph al/ gic olo Ec (’sustainable tourism’) Small scale tourism iro nm en En v -e nv iro nm e nt al A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism 229 Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 environmental or ethical funds in the United Kingdom, representing approximately ? 750 million of investment; according to independent financial advisors Holden Meehan (1994), the idea of ‘profit with principle’ has moved from the fringe to the mains tream. Investors are stakeholders requiring satisfaction. There are many examples of large scale tourism proactively moving towards the goal of sustainable tourism (see Middleton Hawkins, 1993, 1994; WTTERC, 1991–1994). British Airways was one of the first tourism companies to publish an environmental report (British Airways, 1991), the International Hotels Environment Initiative was a sector-specific project (Van Praag, 1992), whilst the ‘Green Globe’ programme was targeted across the tourism sectors (WTTERC, 1994). The World Travel Tourism Council, a coalition of Chief Executive Officers from international tourism companies, established the World Travel Tourism Environment Research Centre (WTTERC) to monitor, assess and communicate objectives, strategies and action programmes in respect of environmental management (WTTERC, 1992). Over one hundred guidelines and codes of practice relating to tourism were identified (WTTERC, 1993); the environmental guidelines of the WTTERC itself provide a useful synopsis of the large scale understanding of sustainable tourism (WTTERC, 1992). As Figure 3 demonstrates, the focus of this approach is on the physical/ecological environment, with an emphasis on environmental management systems, incorporating techniques such as environmental audits of products, processes and issues, and environmental impact assessments. The fourth position of convergence The framework culminates in a position of convergence (see Figure 4). This position represents the latest understanding of sustainable tourism as a goal that all tourism, regardless of scale, must strive to achieve (see, for example, Inskeep, 1991). Accepting that the concept of sustainable tourism is still evolving, the absence of a precise goal definition is less important than general movement in the correct direction. Appreciating the wider role of sustainable development, this final position recognises two interpretations of sustainable tourism. The large scale interpretation of sustainable tourism (as portrayed in position three) has a dominantly physical/ecological perspective expressed as a business orientation. The small scale interpretation of sustainable tourism offers a social slant from a local or destination platform. It is akin to the understanding of sustainable tourism as alternative tourism under position one, except for the crucial recognition of the concept as a goal rather than a possession. Both interpretations: Â · focus on the implementation of their current knowledge of sustainable tourism to move towards the ultimate goal of sustainability; Â · seek future progress towards the desired goal through the twin processes of further development of ideas inherent in their own interpretation and by adaptation of ideas found in the other. Together, this results in convergence towards the goal of sustainable tourism. For example, in this quest, large scale tourism is experimenting with techniques for inducing shifts in tourist behaviour compatible with environmentallyfriendly travel, an educational component instigated by the small scale enterprises. Thomsons now provide environmental guidelines for guests; TUI 230 Journal of Sustainable Tourism Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 Large scale tourism al nm vi ro En Figure 4 Position 4: convergence ave produced an environment ranking for products featured in all their mainstream Euro-brochures. In turn, small scale enterprises are learning about the development of effective environmental management systems, originally the territory of large scale organisations. In the UK, the environmental audit was promoted for small scale concerns by the West Country Tourist Board’s (1993) ‘Green Audit Kit’; the project was then taken nationwide . In addition, by embracing sustainable development, both interpretations are receptive to further ideas generated from outside the tourism sector. Like large scale tourism (see position three), the small scale interpretation of sustainable tourism has produced guidelines and codes of good practice (see, for example, ETB, 1991; Countryside Commission, 1991; Green, 1990), established destination-based projects (for example, the Devon-based Tarka Project) and offered and disseminated advice to interested parties (ETB, 1992a, 1992b, 1993). -e nv iro nm en ta l en t im g olo Ec m an ag em y ph al/ ic al sic en ts pa ct ys -e as nv s e s te m ir o nm sm s re en use tal ent Guid , re au eline cyc s for le, r dit sust edu aina ce ble t ouri sm Equity Company/organisation focus ba Gl p l im s act p im Sustainable Tourism Goal ts ac Local area identity focus Equity Guid e Loc lines for al c sust ont aina Ed rol ble t uc ouri ati To sm on u of Au ris hos tc th t/to e n ha r uri tic act st ity eri s ti cs s act ts mp pac y al i rit ultur l im a c teg loc In o cial/ tion/ a S stin De Small scale tourism A Framework of Approaches to Sustain able Tourism 231 The completed framework Taken as a whole, the framework both structures and partially explains some of the conflicts and debates that have occurred in sustainable tourism. Although due regard should be given to the limitations of a framework based purely on a literature review and purporting to be complementary in nature rather than encompassing, it does present insights to past development whilst taking a view as to the direction of future advances. References Beioley, S. (1995) Green tourism: Soft or sustainable? English Tourist Board Insights, B75–B89. Boo, E. (1990) Ecotourism: The Potentials and Pitfalls. Washington, DC: World Wide Fund for Nature. Brackenbury, M. (1992) Ecotourism: Introduction to ecotourism - A sustainable option? The Bulletin of the Tourism Society 76, 10–12. Bramwell, B. 1991) Tourism environments and management. Tourism Management 12 (4), 363–4. British Airways (1991) British Airways Environmental Review: Heathrow and Worldwide Flying Operations. London: British Airways and Tecnica. Brown, F. (1991) Alternative tourism. English Tourist Board Insights, D27–D29. Buckley, R. (1993) International Cent re for Ecotourism Research. Research Report 1993. Australia: Griffith University. Butler, R. W. (1990) Alternative tourism: Pious hope or Trojan Horse? Journal of Travel Research (3), 40–5. Butler, R. W. (1991) Tourism, environment, and sustainable development. Environmental Conservation 18 (3), 201–9. Butler, R. W. (1992) Alternative tourism: The thin edge of the wedge. In V. L. Smith, and W. R. Eadington (eds) Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Pitfalls in the Development of Tourism. Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania Press and the International Academy for the Study of Tourism. Cater, E. (1992) Profits from paradise. Geographical 64 (3), 16–21. Cazes, G. H. (1989) Alternative tourism: Reflections on an ambiguous concept. In T. V. Singh et al. (eds) Towards Appropriate Tourism: The Case of Developing Countries. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Cohen, E. (1972) Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research 39 (1), 164–82. Cohen, E. (1987) Alternative tourism: A critique. Tourism Recreation Research 12 (2), 13–18. Cohen, E. (1989) Primitive and remote: Hill tribe trekking in Thailand. Annals of Tourism Research 16 (1), 30–61. Cooper, C. et al. (1993) Tourism: Principles and Practice. London: Pitman Publishing. Countryside Commission (1991) Visitors to the Countryside: A Consultation Paper. Cheltenham: Countryside Commission. Davidson, R. (1992) Tourism in Europe. London: Pitman Publishing. De Kadt, E. (1990) Making the Alternative Sustainable: Lessons from Development for Tourism. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies (DP 272). De Kadt, E. (1992) Making the alternative sustainable: Lessons from the development of tourism. In V. L. Smith and W. R. Eadington (eds) Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Pitfalls in the Development of Tourism. Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania Press and the International Academy for the Study of Tourism. Dernoi, L. A. (1988) Alternative or community-based tourism. In L. J. D’Amore and J. Jafari (eds) Tourism, a Vital Force for Peace. Vancouver, Canada: Color Art Inc. Economic Intelligence Unit (1992) The Tourism Industry and the Environment (special report no. 2453). London: EIU. English Tourist Board (1991) Tourism and the Environment: Maintaining the Balance. Report by the government task force. London: ETB and Employment Department Group. Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 232 Journal of Sustainable Tourism English Tourist Board (1992a) The Green Light: A Guide to Sustainable Tourism. London: ETB et al. English Tourist Board (1992b) Tourism in National Parks: A Guide to Good Practice. London: ETB et al. English Tourist Board (1993) Local Tourism Heritage Trust Guidelines. A Guide for Businesses and Associations Interested in Raising Money to Conserve the Environment. London: ETB et al. Farrell, B. H. and Runyan, D. (1991) Ecology and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 18, 26–40. Fennell, D. A. and Smale, B. J. A. (1992) Ecotourism and natural resource protection: Implications of an alternative form of tourism for host nations. Tourism Recreation Research 17 (1), 21–32. Global Opportunities for Business and the Environment (1990) An Action Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development. Vancouver: GLOBE. Green, S. (1990) The future for green tourism. English Tourist Board Insights, D5–D8. Heath, E. and Wall, G. (1992) Marketing Tourism Destinations: A Strategic Planning Approach. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Holden Meehan (1994) An Independent Guide to Ethical and Green Investment Funds (5th edn). London: Holden Meehan. Hunter, C. (1995) On the need to reconceptualise sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3 (3), 155–65. Inskeep, E. (1991) Tourism Planning. An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (1980) World Conservation Strategy. Geneva: IUCN. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (1991) Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living. Geneva: IUCN. Krippendorf, J. (1982) Towards new tourism policies: The importance of environmental and sociocultural factors. Tourism Management 3, 135–48. Krippendorf, J. (1987) The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel. London: Heinemann. Lane, B. (1989) Will rural tourism succeed? In S. Hardy, T. Hart and T. Shaw (eds) The Role of Tourism in the Urban and Regional Economy (pp. 34–9). London: Regional Studies Association. Lane, B. (1990) Sustaining host areas, holiday makers and operators alike. In F. Howie (ed. ) The Proceedings of the Sustainable Tourism Development Conference. Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh. Lanfant, M. and Graburn, N. H. H. (1992) International tourism reconsidered: The principle of the alternative. In V. L. Smith and W. R. Eadington (eds) Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennslyvania Press and the International Academy for the Study of Tourism. McKercher, B. (1993) The unrecognised threat to tourism: Can tourism survive sustainability? Tourism Management 14 (2), 131. Middleton, V. T. C. and Hawkins, R. (1993) Practical environmental policies in travel and tourism - Part 1: The hotel sector. Travel and Tourism Analyst 6, 63–76. Middleton, V. T. C. and Hawkins, R. (1994) Practical environmental policies in travel and tourism - Part 2: Airlines, tour operators and destinations. Travel and Tourism Analyst 1, 83–97. Murphy, P. E. (1994) Tourism and sustainable development. In W. Theobald (ed. ) Global Tourism the Next Decade. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Nash, D. (1992) Epilogue: A research agenda on the variability of tourism. In V. L. Smith and W. R. Eadington (eds) Tourism alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennslyvania Press and the International Academy for the Study of Tourism. Pearce, D. G. (1992) Alternative tourism: concepts, classifications, and questions. In V. L. Smith and W. R. Eadington (eds) Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism 233 Development of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennslyvania Press and the International Academy for the Study of Tourism. Przeclawski, K. (1993) Tourism as the subject of interdisciplinary research. In D. G. Pearce and R. W. Butler (eds) Tourism research: Critiques and Challenges. London: Routledge and the International Academy for the Study of Tourism. Richter, L. K. (1987) The search for appropriate tourism. Tourism Recreation Research 12 (2), 5–7. Tourism Concern (1992) Beyond the Green Horizon. London: Tourism Concern and World Wide Fund for Nature. Travis, A. S. (1988) Alternative tourism. Naturopa 59, 25–7. Valentine, P. S. (1993) Ecotourism and nature conservation. Tourism Management 14 (2), 107–15. Van Praag, H. J. (1992) Industrial leadership: A practical example in the hotel industry. Tourism and the Environment: Challenges and Choices for the 90s, November, 62–66. West Country Tourist Board (1993) Green Audit Kit. Exeter: WCTB. Wheeller, B. (1990) Is sustainable tourism appropriate? In F. Howie (ed. ) The Proceedings of the Sustainable Tourism Development Conference. Edinburgh, Queen Margaret College, November. Wheeller, B. (199la) Is progressive tourism appropriate? Tourism and Hospitality Management: Established Disciplines or Ten Year Wonders? Guildford: University of Surrey. Wheeller, B. (199lb) Tourism’s troubled times: Responsible tourism is not the answer. Tourism Management 12 (2), 91–6. Wight, P. (1995) Sustainable ecotourism: Balancing economic, environmental and social goals within an ethical framework. Tourism Recreation Research 20 (1), 5–13. World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. World Tourism Organisation (1989) Seminar on Alternative Tourism: Introductory Report. Madrid: WTO. World Tourism Organisation (1993) Seminar on the evolution of tourist markets for Europe and promotion policies. WTO News 3. World Tourism Organisation (1995a) Yearbook of Tourism Statistics (47th edn). Madrid: WTO. World Tourism Organisation (1995b) WTO News 6. World Travel and Tourism Environment Research Centre (1992) World Travel and Tourism Environment Review: Travel and Tourism Environment and Development. Brussels: WTTERC. World Travel and Tourism Environment Research Centre (1993) World Travel and Tourism Environment Review 1993: Environment and Development. Brussels: WTTERC. World Travel and Tourism Enviromnent Research Centre (1994) World Travel and Tourism Environment Review 1994: Environment and Development. Brussels: WTTERC. 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Research proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Research proposal - Dissertation Example A growing and more substantial body of research and studies provide evidence of conflict between intrinsic motivation (a person’s own motivation for undertaking a task) and extrinsic motivation (external and conditionally imposed motivation for undertaking a task) (Benabou & Tirole, 2003; Holmstrom & Milgrom, 1991; Kreps 1997). In response to the diverse range of motivational studies a number of motivational theories have emerged that endeavor to account for the various findings. Such theories include those that focus either on incentives, expectancies or goals, and those that seek explanation of how employees respond to different types of incentives provided. The objective of this study is to take an investigative approach to research the various motivational theories and how they are being implemented within the workplace. A study will then be undertaken in order to determineundertaking a study that will focus on employee perceptions of the motivational incentive systems ope rating within their company, and how they impact on their performance and effort. ... research literature in relation to motivational systems and theories used within the workplace, and has the potential to provide suggestions for future incentive systems that take both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors into account and foster best opportunities and maximum efficiency and effectiveness of personnel. Literature review Motivational theorists consider that for each and every thing we do (behavior and actions) there is a fundamental reason or cause. They also believe that appreciation of the causes will enable prediction and thus allow for influence on those behaviors or actions (Franken, 2002). Motivational research today focuses mainly on the determination of what spurs motivation - what stimulus is required to increase motivation - and takes both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation into consideration. Intrinsic motivation according to Oudeyer & Kaplon (2007) is best understood when contrasted with extrinsic motivation, which relates to any activity that is un dertaken because of some of kind of reward or discrete outcome. Intrinsic motivation by contrastive definition refers to activities that are undertaken solely for pleasure with no price or value imposed on it (Ryan & Deci, 2000). An important distinction however, is that intrinsic and extrinsic do not mean the same as internal and external and are not synonyms. Internal motivations receive internal rewards, whereas external motivation receives external rewards; intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation however is not determined by where the reward comes from but on the type of reward that is given (Oudeyer & Kaplon, 2007). The theory of incentives has traditionally assumed that concrete and/or intangible rewards such as money, power or investments (Hoy & Miskel, 1991) that are given

Summary about Oklahoma movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary about Oklahoma movie - Essay Example Despite the fact Laurey wants to show she does not care so much about Curly, she is in love with him. They finally decide to go together, but because Laurey is afraid of Jud she suddenly changes her mind. At the box-social, Curly pays the biggest price in a contest over Laurey’s food box. He has sold what he owned and was able to pay $42.31, quite a big sum for that time (the beginning of the 20th century). In three weeks, Curly and Laurey are to marry. Their merry event is overshadowed by Jud’s drunk intrusion. Jud breaks in and threatens his ex-rival with a knife. A brawl starts. Jud falls on his own knife and dies. Curly is acquitted of Jud’s murder and the newlyweds ride off on their exciting honeymoon. The second pair, Ado Annie and Will Parker, too, get married at the end despite Ado was about to change her mind. Specifically, Will wanted to marry Ado, but had to get the sum of $50 just because her father said so. When he returns from the fair in Kansas-city, he finds out that he has to compete for Ado’s affection with Ali Hakim, a Persian peddler. While Will was away, Ado fell for Hakim who was just flirtatious but did not mean to marry her. Ado’s father insists that Hakim marry Ado as he sees his flirt, at the same time Will has lavishly spent his $50 on gifts. Because Hakim, a ladies’ man, does not want to marry Ado and thinks it will be good if Will did, he pays him $50 for his presents, which is the way for Will to win Ado’s hand. Finally, Will and Ado get together to discuss their future prospects, i.e. their

Project Strategy and the Leadership Culture for a large construction Assignment

Project Strategy and the Leadership Culture for a large construction project - Assignment Example When developing a strategy for procurement, it is essential to consider all the factors that are vital to the project such as the project objectives, resources that are available, the total budget and the project duration. The assessment of these factors will ensure that the team has a tailor made procurement plan that contributes towards the project’s objectives. Before any purchase is made, the procuring officer must be able to answer the question as to why that item is being purchased, and if it is the most cost-effective option. All options must be considered, and, since there are some items that can be prepared on site, it is important to consider all available options. An example is concrete. Some companies sell concrete that is ready for use and is delivered to the site in trucks. However, the project managers can decide to buy cement separately and mix it at the site for use (Ward, 2009). All these options have to be considered so that the supervisors find one that is not only cost effective but also saves on labor cost, time and use of mechanical equipment. Sustainability is also a factor that determines the duration for which we keep up with certain purchases. Considering the budget allocated, we should be able to determine whether our procurement decision can be supported in the long run. An important factor in the procurement process is finding suppliers. Suppliers are weighed based on various standards such as reliability and the cost. The procurement process should be done in a cost-effective manner that saves on the estimated figures. This can be done by identifying suppliers who are inexpensive. However, this is not the only measure of a good supplier.Reliability is equally important when it comes to choosing a supplier of choice. A good supplier must be able to supply high quality products within the required time and at an affordable cost; it does not have to be the cheapest option. It is acceptable to pay slightly more

Advantages and Disadvantages of Biological Control

Advantages and Disadvantages of Biological Control Summary Following numerous discussions of the risks associated with biological control, (see Howarth, 1991; Simberloff Stiling 1996; Thomas Willis 1998) literature was reviewed in order to investigate whether biological control was an environmentally friendly or a risky business. Although a lack of firm evidence suggests that risks may be perceived rather than real, the release of the biological control agent Harmonia axyridis by countries lacking in regulation has severely damaged biological controls reputation and ecosystems all over Europe. Biological control is the most sustainable, cost efficient and natural method of pest management and therefore it should be used to its full potential. Harmonized regulation is required to improve biological controls reputation by preventing the release of risky agents in the future. Regulation should facilitate rather than restrict the use of biological control below its potential. Regulation should be specifically designed for biological control an d should enforce the use of an environmental risk assessment (ERA). Scientifically based methodologies are required to ensure an efficient ERA is conducted for potential biological control agents. An efficient ERA should identify unsuitable agents as early as possible to reduce cost and time requirements. This will allow the continued growth of the biological control industry. Biological control should be utilised as part of Integrated Pest Management to ensure the most efficient control of each pest. Introduction and objectives Insects are the foundations of ecosystems, vectors of disease and agricultural pests around the world (Gassmann et al. 2009). Table 1 shows that as agricultural pests, insects cause economic losses of billions every year. The economic damage caused by insect pests (see Table 1) and the increased consumer demand for blemish free produce has led to the utilisation of different approaches to pest management (Castle et al. 2009). For example, modern pesticides have been used since their development in the 1940s and it has recently been estimated that 8000 metric tons of insecticide (FAO, 2009) are used around the world at an approximate cost of $40 billion every year (Akhabuhaya et al. 2003). The advantages of pesticide use include the short time between application and effect, the eradication of the pest in the area of application and the predictability of success (Bale et al. 2008). The speed and assumed efficiency of pesticides led to their great popularity up to the 1970s when concerns arose about their effects on health and the environmental (see Table 2). The rise in public concern and increased evidence of the negative effects of pesticides (see Table 2) led to the reduction of their use in the 1970s (Chiu Blair, 2009). Pesticides associated with the more serious risks were made illegal, such as DDT in 1984 (Attaran Maharaj, 2000). The great reduction in pesticide use over the last 50 years has allowed other pest management techniques, such as biological control, to be further developed and utilised (Suckling Brockerhoff, 2010). Biological control has received great support due to its natural mechanisms. For example, van Lenteren (2005) estimates that 95% of native insects are already controlled through natural biological control. In addition, a continuous increase in international trade and travel has led to increased insect dispersal between countries (Waage Mumford, 2008). For example, 62,000 pests were reported following an Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) studycarried out on airplane and boat passengers in the USA (Dunn, 1999). Also, there has been a recent increase in the number of crops grown in glasshouses across Europe. Glasshouse conditions are much more suited to invasive insects, so this has allowed increased establishment (Hunt et al. 2008). The movement to reduce pesticide use, popularity of natural control, increased levels of insect invasions and the use of glasshouses to grow crops greatly increased the demand for biological control in the 1980s (Sheppard et al. 2003). Biological control is the use of living organisms to actively reduce the population density of a pest species. A biological control scheme is deemed a success if the pest population densities are lowered to the extent that they are no longer considered an economic or environmental threat (van Klinken Raghu, 2006). Biological control can be further classified as classical, augmentative (inundative) or conservation. Classical biological control is the permanent reduction in the population of an exotic pest species through introduction of its exotic natural enemy. The introduced control agent is required to establish as it is meant for self sustaining control of the pest (Eilenberg et al. 2001). A classical biological control scheme that has reached great success is the use of Rodolia cardinalis against the invasive scale insect Icerya purchasi. Following its accidental introduction into California, I. purchasi was threatening to ruin the Californian citrus industry. R. cardinalis was selected as a monophagous natural enemy and 128 individuals were introduced to California. Populations of I. purchasi were controlled within a year (Frank McCoy, 2007). Classical biological control schemes that only reached partial success, i.e. pest population densities were reduced but the agent did not fully est ablish, led to the development and use of augmentative biological control. Augmentative biological control is the release of natural enemies in an inundative or seasonal inoculative manner (van Lenteren, 2005). Inundative biological control is the mass release of biological control agents to quickly reduce a pest population density (Eilenberg et al. 2001). Inundative control agents are not meant to establish so agents may require reintroduction. An example of this is the mass release of the parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae to control the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) (Bigler, 1986). Seasonal inoculative biological control is the release of a natural enemy species with the aim that they will reproduce, survive and control pests throughout a crops growing season (van Lenteren Woets, 1988). Conservation biological control is the alteration of the environment towards one more suited to the pests natural enemy. For example, the provision of extra host plants (Anethum graveolens and Coriandrum sativum) for the natural enemies (Edovum puttleri and Pediobius foveolatus) of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) (Patt et al. 1997). The aim is a long term increase in natural enemy populations resulting in increased control of pests (Landis et al. 2000). Until the mid 1980s, the introduction of over 2000 natural enemy species and the successful control of over 165 invasive pest species, led to the belief that biological control was an environmentally safe and cost effective alternative to pesticides and GM organisms (van Lenteren et al. 2006a). However, Howarths (1991) argument that there were serious risks associated with biological control was followed by a flood of papers discussing evidence of similar risks (for example, Simberloff Stiling, 1996; Louda et al. 2003). It was recognised that an unsuitable biological control agent may cause the problems associated with an invasive insect. The potential risks of biological control include the possibility that the exotic agent could be poisonous, allergenic or the vector of a disease that is dangerous to humans (Howarth, 1991). Introduced species could become essential crops pests or they could indirectly cause an increase in other crop pest populations (Howarth, 1991). For example, the reduction in target pest species may allow previously outcompeted insects to increase population size to pest densities (Kenis et al. 2009). Biological control agents may kill a plant that other insects rely on for food or shelter (Simberloff Stiling, 1996). For example, the destruction of ash by the Chinese buprestid Agrilus planipennis has threatened the whole Frazinus genus of leptidoptera (Kenis et al. 2009). Further-more, biological control agents may predate or outcompete insects involved in plant in tri-trophic interactions or they may kill plant essential pollinators (Simberloff Stiling, 1996). The greatest risks of biological control are those that impact on the environment. These risks include non target effects (Hokkanen, 2003). For example, the generalist biological control agent Compsilura concinnata has threatened the extinction of six non target Lepidoptera species in North America (Boettner et al. 2000). The effect of a biological control agent on non target organisms may be direct, such as the parasitisation of a non target host when the target is unavailable, or the preference of exotic prey over the target (Simberloff Stiling, 1996; Kriticos et al. 2009). For example, Cotesia glomerata parasitised the non target butterfly Pieris oleracea which is now at risk of extinction (Van Driesche et al. 2003). A reduction in non target population size may reduce their genetic diversity and therefore ability to adapt to future environmental changes (Kenis et al. 2009). Introduced agents may hybridise with native species or be a vector of a disease to which native invertebra tes have no resistance (NRC, 2002). The possible indirect effects of biological control include resource competition (Delfosse, 2005). For example, the introduced parasitoid C. concinnata appears to have outcompeted the native silk moth parasitoid (Lespesia frenchii) in New England (Parry, 2009). Biological control agents may share predators with a native herbivore. This may result in the disruption of natural biological control: reduced predation of the native herbivore may allow its population to increase to pest densities. Severe alterations to the ecosystem may occur if the introduced species affects an ecosystems keystone species or becomes a keystone species (Wagner Van Driesche, 2010). This would alter natural co-evolved relationships (Strong Pemberton, 2000) inducing evolutionary changes (Kenis et al. 2009). Finally, biological control agents may disperse from their area of introduction. This means the risks described are relevant to any neighbouring habitats and countries (Howarth, 1991). The increased discussion of these risks has led to demand for regulation implementing a thorough risk assessment to ensure that only safe biological control agents are released (Delfosse, 2005). Numerous publications have been released by organisations and countries (such as IPPC, 1997; EPPO, 1999; EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2002; EU-funded ERBIC, 1998-2002; OECD, 2004; IOBC/WPRS, 2003; IPPC, 2005; REBECA, 2007). These publications provide useful regulatory guidelines but they are not legally binding, they are also too vague as they do not state appropriate Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) methods (Kuhlmann et al. 2006). Many countries have not produced regulations or do not actively utilise them and this has resulted in extremely patchy regulation across the globe. Advocates of biological control argue that the discussions of the potential risks do not provide adequate evidence that observed effects were due to biological control (Lynch et al. 2001). Also, insect invasions occur accidently all the time with little evidence of any harm and therefore, an increase in regulation is not required. To answer the question posed (is biological control an environmentally friendly or risky business?) this review will address the following questions: Are the perceived risks of biological control founded on relevant evidence? What and where are the current biological control regulatory systems? Are ERA methods described and if so are they efficient ortoo strict, expensiveor vague? Do they acknowledge the differences between classical and inundative biological control and are they applicable to both? What should an efficient ERA comprise of? Is biological control compatible with other pestmanagement schemes? Methods The initial literature search was conducted to identify the scope of the topic: Web of Knowledge was used because this search engine has a database holding a wide range of journals. The use of Web of Knowledge also has the advantage of being able to read the abstract before downloading the paper and the search can be restricted to Science Citation Index Expanded to increase the relevance of results. In order to study the full history of biological control, there was no restriction placed on the year of publishing and a range of broad key words were used including insect biological control AND history. Following the initial search and study of primary papers, key areas of interest were identified where further research was required in order to answer the question posed. Papers of interest were found using article reference lists and topic specific searches. These searches were conducted using key words for each area that required more detailed research. For example, papers on the problems associated with pesticide use were searched for using PubMed. PubMed is a biomedical database so was a more relevant search engine for this particular topic. Key words used included pesticide limit* AND human health. Once found, citation searches were used on key papers to help establish their importance and accuracy. Boolean operators were used to combine keywords in the Topic search. An asterisk (*) was typed at the end of words that could have various endings. This allowed a wider search including titles with singular and plural word forms. The OR operator was used between possible key words to allow for variation in terminology. When a search found too many results (over 100), AND or NOT were used between words and more specific key words were identified to help make the results more relevant. More specific keywords were identified using terminology that was common in the titles of interesting papers. When a search resulted in less than 100 papers all abstracts were read. If the abstract suggested the paper might provide evidence towards answering the question posed, the full paper was read. This search strategy allowed the efficient search of specific papers relevant to each area of interest. Key Papers Effects of a Biological Control Introduction on Three Non-target Native Species of Saturniid Moths Boettner et al. (2000) Conservation Biology, 14, 1798-1806. To answer the question posed, (is biological control an environmentally friendly or risky business?) this review needs to consider whether or not the risks discussed for biological control are founded on relevant evidence. Examples used to demonstrate non target effects are often criticized because they do not account for native predation causing non target mortality (Lynch et al. 2001). This study is pioneering as it is the first to directly assess the non target effects of the classical biological control agent Compsilura concinnata and compares these effects to native predators. The effects of C. concinnata on the non targets Hyalophora cecropia, Callosamia promethean and the state endangered Hemileuca maia maia were studied. This experiment was conducted following observations that these non target species populations had declined since the introduction of C. concinnata. Cohorts of 100 H. cecropia larvae, densities of 1 100 C. promethean larvae and wild H. maia maia eggs were observed in the field. The percentage mortality of each species that was due to C. concinnata was calculated. Boettner et al. (2000) found that 81% of H. cecropia mortality was due to C. concinnata (see Table 5). 67.5% of C. promethean larvae and 36% of H. maia maia mortality were also found to be due to C. concinnata. Boettner et al. (2000) found that C. concinnata was responsible for the majority of non target deaths and that the numbers of individuals surviving may be less than the minimum viable population size for each species. Biological control should never result in a loss of biodiversity (Kuris, 2003). Methods utilised were supported by previous studies and were conducted in realistic conditions. This is important because host selection is effected by physiological conditions including the availability of hosts (van Lenteren et al. 2006b). However, the species were reared in a laboratory before and after exposure to parasitoids. This is undesirable as larvae were reared in unnatural conditions which could alter the parasitoids host selection (van Lenteren et al. 2006b). In addition, repeats should have been conducted for each experiment to allow for natural variation in host selection (Bigler et al. 2005). Although this paper accounts for mortality due to native predators, it is still limited by the assumption that the observed reduction in saturniid moth populations was due to increased levels of predation. Other possible reasons for non target population declines and the parasitisation rate prior to the introduction of C. concinnata require consideration. Van Lenteren et al. (2006b) states that firm evidence non target population declines are due to biological control is often lacking. Therefore, it may be argued that this study does not provide substantial evidence that C. concinnata has caused the observed decline in non target populations. Overall, Boettner et al. (2000) provide evidence that C. concinnata parasitises non target species. Since its initial release in 1906, C. concinnata has been observed parasitizing over 180 native North American species. In combination with other evidence of non target effects and with the knowledge that non target studies are rarely conducted following introductions, this study assists in the argument that non target effects are a reality (Louda Stiling, 2004). Therefore, biological control has the potential to be environmentally risky. Changes in a lady beetle community following the establishment of three alien species Alyokhin Sewell (2004) Biological Invasions, 6, 463-471. The successful introduction of Rodolia cardinalis was followed by the introductions of numerous coccinellids without a thorough risk assessment (van Lenteren, 2005). As a result, many indirect effects have been recorded. However, numerous experiments that appear to provide evidence for indirect effects have been criticized because they took place over such a short time scale. This means that limited conclusions can be drawn because they do not allow for natural variation in species abundances (Alyokhin Sewell, 2004). Long term research is required in order to provide adequate evidence for the indirect effects of biological control. This is particularly relevant to coccinellids as they are known for population fluctuations (Alyokhin Sewell, 2004). This paper provides evidence of the biological control agents Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata and Propylea quatordecimpunctata competitively displacing native coccinellids. This paper is pioneering as the change in coccinellid populations was observed over a 31 year period so it allows for natural variation. Alyokhin Sewell (2004) found that prior to 1980 the majority of coccinellid species recorded were native. Following the establishment of C. septempunctata in 1980, native species were outcompeted; the abundance of C. septempunctata increased from 6.1% in 1980 to 100% in 1994 (see Figure 1). In 1993 and 1995 P. quatordecimpunctata and H. axyridis established respectively (see Figure 1). Alyokhin Sewell (2004) concluded that the increase in exotic coccinellid establishment was strongly correlated with a statistically significant decline in native coccinellid populations. This study provides evidence for the indirect effects of biological control. The methodology allows for natural population fluctuations and both methods and results were supported by previous studies (such as Brown Miller 1998; Elliott et al. 1996). However, controls were obtained from an archive, this is undesirable as it does not ensure the use of the same protocol. Experiments should always include appropriate positive and negative controls to enable the drawing of accurate conclusions (van Lenteren et al. 2006b). In addition, this study does not consider other factors that might have affected native species populations such as temperature and other native species. The establishment of exotic coccinellids did not result in the total displacement of native species; native species were present throughout the study in reduced abundance. This may indicate that although competition took place, it was not substantial enough to place the native coccinellids at risk of extinction. Therefore, it may be argued that the benefits of aphid control are worth a reduction in native coccinellid populations (Pearson Callaway, 2005). In addition, this study is further limited as it took place on a potato field and potato is exotic to the area. Therefore, this experiment may not reflect the effects of an introduction exotic insect to a naturally evolved ecosystem. For example, potato and native coccinellids did not evolve together and this may have provided exotic species with a competitive advantage (Strong Pemberton, 2000). Despite the limitations discussed, this study provides evidence of habitat displacement in biological control. Alyokhin Sewell (2004) utilised appropriate statistical tests to provide valuable insight into the change in native species populations following biological control agent establishment. The regulations and assessments under which biological control agents such as H. axyridis and C. septempunctata were released needs to be reassessed to ensure biological control is environmentally safe. Harmonia axyridis in Great Britain: analysis of the spread and distribution of a non-native coccinellid Brown et al. (2008) BioControl, 53, 55-67. Harmonia axyridis has been released to control aphids and coccids across Europe (for example, Ukraine in 1964, Belarus in 1968, France in 1982, Portugal in 1984, Italy in 1990s, Greece in 1994, Spain in 1995, Netherlands in 1996, Belgium in 1997, Germany in 1997, Switzerland for a short period in the 1990s before it was deemed too risky and finally, Czech republic in 2003). Since its introduction into these countries, H. axyridis has also been observed in Austria, Denmark, the UK, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Norway and Sweden (Brown et al. 2007). This paper provides evidence of H. axyridis dispersal into Great Britain, where it has never intentionally been released. This paper was selected as unlike other countries, Great Britain has monitored the spread of H. axyridis since its initial arrival in 2004 (Majerus et al. 2006). Brown et al. (2008) utilised a web based survey to follow the dispersal of H. axyridis across Great Britain. Between 2004 and 2006, the analysis of 4117 H. axyridis recordings indicated that H. axyridis dispersed an average of 58 km north, 144.5 km west and 94.3 km north-west per year. The increased western dispersal rate is suggested to be due to multiple invasions from the European mainland. H. axyridis recordings increased by an average of 2.9 fold each year and the mean number of adults per recording increased from 2.9 in 2004 to 6.2 in 2006. The results from this study indicate that H. axyridis has invaded Great Britain on multiple occasions and through multiple methods. For example, a single northern population of H. axyridis was recorded in Derby. This indicates that this population must have arisen from a separate invasion than those populations spreading across the UK from the East. Public recordings were verified before inclusion in the analysis. Although this would have increased the accuracy of results, 4316 recordings were not verified so were not included. Some of the non verified recordings were likely to be H. axyridis but verification was not possible. Therefore, the analysis in this paper could be a huge underestimate of the actual dispersal and abundance of H. axyridis across the Great Britain. This data set is also limited due to the uneven spread of human populations across Great Britain. This would have resulted in a variation in the frequency of recordings in different areas. Therefore, these results may not accurately represent the species abundance. This paper demonstrates that the currently inconsistent regulation for biological control across Europe is not adequate. The release of a biological control agent in one country will inevitably affect neighbouring countries. For example, H. axyridis has never been intentionally released in the UK but it has been estimated that since its invasion, H. axyridis could negatively affect 1, 000 of Great Britains native species (Majerus et al. 2006). The release of H. axyridis provides evidence that patchy regulation is a risk of biological control in itself. Review of invertebrate biological control agent regulation in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA: recommendations for a harmonized European system Hunt et al. (2008) Journal of Applied Entomology, 132, 89-123. Whilst the potential risks of biological control have only recently been acknowledged in Europe, they have been recognised and regulations have been implemented to avoid them for over forty years in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA. Following a thorough and pioneering review of current regulation, Hunt et al. (2008) have discussed the adaptation of some concepts for Europe. Hunt et al. (2008) found that although most European countries have regulation in place, only eight countries utilise them. Therefore, like Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA, Europe requires the passing of legislations to enforce the safe use of biological control. Australia is the only country to have a governing body specifically for biological control. Regulations in New Zealand, Canada and the USA fall under plant, conservational, environmental or endangered species Acts (Hoddle, 2004). Europe requires an EU level body and regulation specifically for insect biological control. This body should cover both environmental and agricultural issues and should be composed of experts representing each country. The EU body should implement regulations across Europe and should make decisions for the release of biological control agents. Like Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand a group of scientific experts should be utilised to review applications and recommend decisions to the EU body. This will ensure the decision for each introduction is based on the opinion of experts covering a broad range of expertise. Following the establishment of an EU wide body and the passing of legislation, scientifically based ERA procedures need to be developed. In both Australia and the USA, approval is sought for the non target list prior to host specificity testing, however, this may restrict the ideally flexible nature of host specificity testing where species should be added or removed when appropriate (Kuhlmann et al. 2005). Hunt et al. (2008) suggest European regulation should follow New Zealand by involving discussions with experts. This will ensure the consideration of all risks, costs, benefits and the use of a scientifically based ERA. Discussion with experts will also reduce costs and time wasted on projects that do not have potential or are not being completed in an efficient manner. This paper uses examples from the USA and Canada to demonstrate that a regulatory body over the whole of Europe is possible. It also emphasises the importance of utilising previous experiences of regulated countries to implement effective regulation in Europe. However, Messing (2005) argues that the USA has unresolved legislative problems between their federal and state governing boards. For example, Hawaii has such strict ERA regulations that the use of biological control is hindered and the federal ERA regulations are insufficient as they do not involve adequate application review. In addition, Cameron et al. (1993) argues that only 24% of biological control projects in New Zealand have been a success. Goldson et al. (2010) adds that Australian and New Zealand legislations are too strict. For example, in order to receive approval for release, evidence is required to prove agents do not pose any risks but this is often impossible due to time and cost constraints. Care is required when reviewing the regulation of biological control in other countries. The presence of regulation does not necessarily mean it is enforced and information from government employees may be susceptible to political issues. Europe wide legislation is required but time and cost constraints need to be taken into account. In conclusion, regulation is needed to enforce the environmental safety of biological control but it should not restrict its effective use. Establishment potential of the predatory mirid Dicyphus hesperus in northern Europe Hatherly et al. (2008) BioControl, 53, 589-601. Many guidelines have been released for an ERA (such as EPPO, 2001; NAPPO, 2001; IPPC, 2005) but none state a clear and effective methodology to test for establishment. As a result of this, climate matching has been widely accepted as an efficient predictor of establishment (for example, Messenger van den Bosch, 1971; Stiling, 1993). However, the augmentative biological control agent, Neoseiulus caliginosus has proved its inadequacy as individuals with diapause ability were released unintentionally (Jolly, 2000). McClay Hughes (1995) use of a degree-day model to predict establishment potential has also been criticized due to its labour intensive nature (McClay, 1996). In addition, the numerous methods utilised to determine developmental thresholds have led to differing conclusions for the establishment potential of the same insect (Hart et al. 2002). Hatherly et al. (2008) utilise a clear and scientifically based methodology for a test for establishment that should be used as an alt ernative to climate matching and day degree models. Each experiment involved treatments of fed and unfed first instar nymphs, adults and diapause induced adults. Supercooling points (SCP), Lower lethal times (see Figure 2) and temperatures were determined. Field experiments were completed to study the effects of naturally fluctuating temperatures and a control experiment was conducted to ensure experimental conditions did not damage the mirids. Statistical tests (one way ANOVA and Tukeys HSD test) found no significant differences between the SCP (-20oC) for different life cycles and Ltemp90 was found to be -20.4oC for diapausing insects. After 140 days in the field, 5% of fed nymphs and 50% of fed diapausing adults were alive. After 148 days, 15% of fed non diapausing adults were alive. Following transfer to the lab, the survivor adults were observed laying viable eggs. Overall, it was concluded that D. hersperus were able to diapause and individuals from each life cycle were able to survive outdoors in the UK. Feeding increased survival times and the polyphagous nature of D. hersperus meant it was likely to find food. Laboratory methods to test the establishment potential of possible biological control agents need to be environmentally relevant (Hoelmer Kirk, 2005). To determine SCP, the rate of temperature decrease was 0.5oCmin-1, this could be reduced to make it more realistic. Mortalities for lower lethal temperatures were recorded after 24 and 48 hours, however, winter lasts for four to six months. In this case, this was appropriate as 90% mortality was reached at each temperature exposure within the timescale. To make this study more realistic, it was ensured that D. hersperus was experimented on in the condition received by commercial buyers. To ensure that the results did not occur by chance, lower lethal temperatures and time were determined in addition to SCPs (Bale, 2005). To determine establishment potential, both b